Bart ehrman net worth. ”. Bart ehrman net worth

 
”Bart ehrman net worth  Lest I be guilty of lumping all Mythicists in one category, the only reason why the book gets 2 stars is because there a few articles that, if one sifts through the hysterical anti-Ehrman diatribes, have some

Bart D. T. Oppenheimer is 71 years old. Bart is the James A. And I still say it because it’s apparently true. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is a leading authority on the Bible and the life of Jesus. My daughter Kelly launched her new business this month – Lavender’s Blue Homeschool. Ehrman, som är textkritiskt skolad menar att Bibelns. He doesn’t attack religion, he analyses it and leaves us to find an answer for ourselves. Jesus and Nicodemus spoke Greek. +. Yet the story they are added to is wholly fabricated. Bart Ehrman, in his book God’s Problem: How the Bible Fails to Answer Our Most Important Question—Why We Suffer, he misreads the Bible and impugns God’s fairness. 99/mth and every cent goes to charity! Learn More!A Dialogue between Bart D. Winner of numerous university awards and grants, he is the recipient of the 2009 J. Ehrman claims that Jesus did not die for our sins, 1 Cor 15 claims that He did and that, this is the primary basis for our faith. $2032. His primary source of income is her career as a New Testament scholar. Ehrman's account of the burial story of Jesus cherry picks the evidence, and even misrepresents it. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week about the New Testament and early Christianity. Bart Ehrman and N. Net Worth. Bart Ehrman writes: A lot of people (at least in my experience) think that Paul is the one who should be considered the “founder” of Christianity – that he is the one who took Jesus’ simple preaching about the coming kingdom of God and altered and expanded it into a complicated doctrine of sin and redemption. In my book Did Jesus Exist I speak of him as a smart scholar with bona fide credentials. You can't just say, 'I believe in the Bible. The net effect was, Price never actually rebutted Ehrman in the entire debate. It’s all about media attention. Read More. 4. 1,652 ratings164 reviews. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week about the New Testament and early Christianity. g. But first, all hell has to break out. 00. NOTE ADDED: Several people have pointed this out, but when we’re asking whether Jesus existed in more than the sense of simply somebody named. Ehrman . DagoodS. Bart Ehrman is a professor in the Religious Studies department at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - see what their students are saying about them or leave a rating yourself. So I’ve received several emails over the past couple of days about the breathtaking new announcement to be made on October 19 (assuming the world still is functioning after October 17!) in London by “American Biblical scholar” Joseph Atwill (whom. I felt like his motivation was not a historical or facts-based one, but very much. His primary source of income is her career as a New Testament scholar. it appears to be something of an obsession, from the look of McLatchie’s. Are any of his basic views not widely accepted, or are there any major competing theories worth learning about?. There were papers due every week, 3 midterms, and a debate, but the final is worth 40% of your grade. This post is a response to Book Review: Bart Ehrman and the Quest of the Historical Jesus of Nazareth. Facebook Twitter YouTube Rss LinkedIn. Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of. Yahweh is the god of the OT, Jesus is the son of the god of the OT and claims (in John) the “I Am” name; the doctrine of the Trinity says there’s a singular divine being manifest in 3 facets or functions, so yeah, of course Jesus is Yahweh. 30 The Birth of Christianity: A Bird’s Eye View. Bart Ehrman Family and Relationship. Dr Bart Ehrman says that the disciples ran away to Galilee and it seems that the earliest APPEARANCES were 70 miles away in Galilee. In any event, Job is said to be “blameless and upright, one who feared God and turned away from evil” (1:1). (So took, for what it’s worth, with philosophy) caspianrex June 10, 2019 at 9:58 amLog in to Reply. To all of which Ehrman has made some general replies worth closing with:. This is a summary of the current state of the debate after the mini blog war between myself and Bart Ehrman over his latest book, Did Jesus Exist?,. He accepted the award May 2 at the Raleigh mini-convention. Fee and Ehrman have. 5 million listeners. May 2nd. Director of Graduate Studies, 1996-99. 99/mth and every cent goes to charity! Learn More!An Evaluation of Bart Ehrman's "Historical Jesus" 183 asks why some recent scholars6 have interpreted Jesus in a non-apocalyptic way. The Problem With Problem Passages", 3. March 20, 2012 • 7:11 pm. 54 ratings7 reviews. Bart’s net worth is estimated to be between $1 million and $5 million. On Bart Ehrman Being Pot Committed. Ehrman (lahir 5 Oktober 1955) adalah seorang teolog dalam bidang Perjanjian Baru dari Amerika Serikat. Bart D. An End Times novel worth reading? RSS. Dear Goldies and Plats, It's time for the November Gold Q&A, where I answer your questions--or at least as try to. The English term “canon” comes from a Greek word that originally meant “ruler” or “measuring rod. Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the American Bible Society and United Bible Societies. Through his various sources of income, he has been able to accumulate a good fortune but prefers to lead a modest lifestyle. Through his various sources of income, he has been able to accumulate a good fortune but prefers to lead a modest lifestyle. Ehrman (Bart Denton Ehrman) was born on 5 October, 1955 in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. He celebrates his birthday on November 24 every year and his birth sign is Sagittarius. So, how much is Bart D. Most of the arguments he uses have been around for about 50-100 years. 7) “Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are” by Bart D. I have two weeks, and I won’t have it all written by then, as it will be much longer than one of my tradebooks. But Q introduces certain additions to Markian Divinity. For those still not familiar with this rare breed, it comprises a growing cadre of writers – many of. he was born on October 5, 1955, in Lawrence, Kansas. Get your question in by Saturday (11/11/) midnight (whenever midnight is in your time zone). Every time you say something like this, my Christian relatives and their pastor proclaim that “Bart Ehrman is coming back to Jesus”. g. Bart D. James Robert White is a Baptist theologian, [1] the director of Alpha and Omega Ministries, an evangelical Reformed Baptist Christian apologetics organization based in Phoenix, Arizona and a Christian scholar. I found the content of this class very interesting and I'm glad I took it, but the expectations were unrealistic. No Account Required Credit and Debit Cards Processed: Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, AmericanExpress, Diners Club, JCB, UnionPay, ApplePay, and GooglePay. Erik Manning. BDEhrman April 17, 2020 at 11:16 amLog in to Reply. Bart D. Modern archaeology has helped us realize that the Bible is historically accurate even in the smallest of details. Ehrman Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife New York: Simon and Schuster, 2020 Pp. , metaphorically. Ehrman is the James A. Jesus is a representation of Jewish Messianism which sinned against Rome. Ehrman is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus and God's Problem. ABOUT BART. which shows up on the net at times, Ehrman cannot agree, which is refreshing. Dr Ehrman – As to your point #2 (above), Josephus writes that the Romans do not require “their subjects to violate their national laws” (Contra Apionem 2. Aland did some nice work showing that the first father to use the Byzantine text qua text was Asterius, one of Lucian’s students. Ehrman Networth 2019. Through his various sources of income, he has been able to accumulate a good fortune but prefers to lead a modest lifestyle. We don’t have enough concrete evidence to argue decisively about its roots, but the work of Kurt Aland, Gordon Fee, Bart Ehrman, Michael Holmes, and Tim Ralston has helped immeasurably. As I have mentioned before, I have started a small business on the side, Bart Ehrman Professional Services (BEPS). My daughter Kelly launched her new business this month – Lavender’s Blue Homeschool. Earl Doherty’s Response to Bart Ehrman’s Case Against Mythicism: Three Voices on the Historical Jesus – No. Andres Oppenheimer Height. HarperCollins. It is a book worth reading and reflecting on, whether or not one is personally a believer. I am checking the old book sellers on the net to see if I can find an affordable copy in English. It was wonderful to be with friends I hadn’t seen in nearly 40 years. Registered: Dec 29, 2009. Craig rightly considers this definition to be co mparative measure between two. Evangelicals might be able to hang on to some form of progressive or liberal Christian belief but Ehrman’s books are an axe to the root of Evangelical Christianity. 3. More importantly, Bart Ehrman and textual critical arguments Muslims sometimes use against the reliability of the New Testament are a red herring. Ehrman Net Worth : $ 1,00,000 I assume that your books for scholars are not expected to make much money directly, although they are important for your career in other ways. Close behind in age—if not net worth—are fellow crypto entrepreneurs Brian Armstrong ($11. WCAG 2. and as a result, uncovers a picture of Jesus Christ that is well. “The Man Who Killed Jesus” (personally, I wouldn’t recommend “Christ Killer” as a title, because it’s an offensive term that was often applied to Jews by anti-Semitic Christians in the past); 2. RELI104. My final exam is tomorrow (worth 40% of my grade) and I currently only have 2 grades in my grade book. The net worth of Bart D. That doesn't make every detractor worth listening to or their arguments worthy of rebuttal. / 5. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Bart Ehrman, an agnostic New Testament scholar, debates Craig Evans, an evangelical New Testament scholar, about the historical Jesus and what constitutes "history. The event was purposed to help evangelical Christians become aware of competing views on a challenging subject. 4) Peter’s three professions of love for Jesus (John 21:15-17) counter the three denials (Mark 14). and it is worth exploring those academic discussions. These you ought to have done, without neglecting the others. We have done our research and today you can learn about Bart D. Ehrman presents his long-awaited survey of the Bible. The persecutions go all the way back. Ehrman, better known by the Family name Bart Denton Ehrman, is a popular Activist . Ehrman's influence on Google, Wikipedia, Youtube, Twitter, Instagram and Facebook with anybody else in the world. What is Bart D. This includes his assets, money, and income. August 11, 2023. Bart Ehrman Net Worth. for charity. Stumbling across Bart Ehrman's work as an atheist taught me that the Bible is a highly complex set of texts with an intruiging history, and down the rabbit hole I went and now I believe that God is real and Jesus is my Savior. Bart Ehrman, whose twenty magazines having a look at very early Christianity are all well worth analysis, right below gives his ideal task yet: a historical description for a spiritual success which altered the globe. The debate is not directly connected with the blog but is my own thing, done in conjunction with the courses I've been recording for the Bart Ehrman Professional Services. In it, he argues that Jesus of Nazareth was an apocalyptic preacher, i. At UNC he has served as both the Director of Graduate Studies and the Chair of the Department of Religious Studies. Jesus did absolutely claim to be God. . Ehrman reels them off, rapid-fire, shell bursts against the bulwark of tradition. Here is a question I received recently. Some parts were quite good and helpful. Department Chair, 2000 – 2006. How God became Jesus: Bart Ehrman gets it wrong, again. Frequently bought together. This includes his assets, money, and income. ”. Bart’s net worth is estimated to be between $1 million and $5 million. With Jesus the messiah, that has now taken place. Stripe Credit Card Donation. Bart D. Ehrman – The Triumph of Christianity Audio Book Online. "In Matthew, Mark and Luke, you find no trace of Jesus being divine," he says, his voice urgent. "Misquoting Jesus” is the only show where a six-time New York Times bestselling author and world-renowned Bible scholar uncovers the many fascinating, little known facts about the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the rise of Christianity. Bart’s net worth is estimated to be between $1 million and $5 million. Net worth: Not Known; Andres Oppenheimer Age. Eye of the LORD in Hebrew עיני יהוה is 76. 6K views. 4. He has also authored six New York Times bestsellers. In other words, no actual debate took place that night. Bart D. So is the Father, so is the Holy Spirit. Some of these versions contain translator notes, but the version I refer to the most is the NET Bible with its 60,932 translator notes; e. 1. In Did Jesus Exist, Bart Ehrman said the Nicodemus-Jesus conversation about being born again doesn’t make sense in Hebrew or Aramaic. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week about the New Testament and early Christianity. They explore Zuby's background, from his Saudi upbringing to his Oxford Univ…. It is worth saying another word of appreciation here for Neil Godfrey's effort to make Bruno Bauer accessible in English. December 8, 2017. Ehrman is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus and God's Problem. Get access to Dr. I. The net effect was, Price never actually rebutted Ehrman in the entire debate. As an expert on the New Testament and the history of Early Christianity, Dr. [1] It is worth stressing that Paul does indeed speak about Jesus as God, as we have seen. 4) Peter’s three professions of love for Jesus (John 21:15-17) counter the three denials (Mark 14). ”. Any one-time donation to the Bart Ehrman Foundation helps conquer hunger and homelessness. Randy, In a reply to someone during this present exchange Bart wrote, “ There actually is nothing about non-fundamentalist Christianity that stands at odds with science. Professor in the. 23. ISBN. For renowned Bible scholar Bart Ehrman, the question of why there is so much suffering in the world is more than a haunting thought. In this captivating podcast episode, rapper and influencer Zuby engages in a wide-ranging conversation with presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy. Ehrman (n. 2 Pagan Religions in the Roman World. Bart- as an unevangelical Latter-Day Ebionite, I don’t understand why your background comes up at all. There will be a charge for the event. Price is the author of a number of books on biblical studies and the historicity of Jesus . Disclamer: Bart D. 12 Million. January 15, 2020. א is 1. It costs as little as $2. His primary source of income is her career as a New Testament scholar. A few months ago an important book of the Bible came out, written for general readers but based on a life-long pursuit of scholarship by a senior scholar at Oxford, John Barton. William L. Wright or. e. . Yesterday I started to talk about why historians cannot demonstrate that a miracle such as the resurrection happened because doing so requires a set of presuppositions that are not generally shared by historians doing their work. Associate Professor, 1994-99. Jimmy Akin. For his part, Ehrman disputes that Jesus’ tomb was empty. ” 11-So Simon Peter climbed back into the boat and dragged the net ashore. Generally speaking, the bigger the hexagon is, the more valuable Bart D. November 17, 2023. Ehrman’s latest book, Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior , is scheduled to be. Michael Bird (author of the Ehrman rebuttal, mentioned above) lays out five lines of evidence missing from Ehrman’s How Jesus Became God. Ehrman has written a response to critics of his book. This is just his latest salvo," snaps a FreeRepublic commenter. Bart Ehrman Net Worth. ; Ehrman has written a response to critics of his book. He has written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. The claim at the heart of the Christian faith is that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. Bart D. Our first Christian author is Paul, who must have converted to be a follower of Jesus just three years or so after Jesus’ death. He also teaches eight of The Great Courses’s widely acclaimed Bible and Christianity classes, and has a part in 78 others. 9 Southern Pines 89. Of course, in theory, they didn’t *have* to make mistakes. Two of the Gospels , Mark and John, say nothing of Jesus’ birth; the other two, Matthew and Luke are where we get most, but not all, of our traditions of Jesus’ birth from: the trip to Bethelehem, no room in the inn, the Shepherds, the wise men, the slaughter of the innocents, the flight to Egypt, etc. This is an extremely well documented and well-written book, a real intellectual pleasure to read. Ehrman is the author or editor of more than thirty books, including the New York Times bestsellers Misquoting Jesus and How Jesus Became God. I’m dedicating an entire chapter to Bart Ehrman and his best-selling book God’s Problem, because, as a self-described “former evangelical Christian,” Ehrman personifies the potential consequences evangelical churches face when they fail to address the problem of evil and suffering. It costs as little as $2. Ehrman (born 1955) is an American New Testament scholar currently the James A. 4. The joint topics of death, resurrection, and the afterlife are deeply troubling and continually controversial to Christians and perhaps to all religionists. Aland did some nice work showing that the first father to use the Byzantine text qua text was Asterius, one of Lucian’s students. There is the empty tomb. But not the Christian scribes. Ehrman as well as Bart D. 3. $1 Million – $5 Million. Their thinking, and mine, has been that if I do my best to follow the teachings of Jesus, in some respect I’m a Christian, even if I don’t believe that Jesus was the son of God…. I was asked to write a review of the book for the London newspaper, The Telegraph, without having yet seen the book. Comment. Jesus’ Return to Life as a Resurrection. So lack of evidence should not lead us to. Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. 6)Jesus says the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the earth. Ehrman worth at the age of 66 years of age. J. A. T. Bart D. g. “Bart Ehrman also confesses on page two in his book. Andres Oppenheimer Weight. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is a leading authority on the Bible and the life of Jesus. Dr. Ehrman? As of 2023, the current. Karya Ehrman berfokus pada kritik tekstual Perjanjian Baru, Yesus dalam sejarah, dan perkembangan gereja perdana . Initially, only 6 people were involved in the prayers. My goal is to have the entire Old Testament section written before I go to England to join up with my beloved Sarah, who is already there for a program she’s teaching for. Brill), co-editor-in-chief for the international journal of early Christian. How God became Jesus: Bart Ehrman gets it wrong, again. to 4:30 pm EST. Bart Ehrman is a world-renowned Bible scholar. g. $28. [129] [130] Furthermore, Ehrman elucidates that all 4 gospels present Jesus as man who was understood to be divine. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week. +. Bart Ehrman Net Worth. Any one-time donation to the Bart Ehrman Foundation helps conquer hunger and homelessness. For renowned Bible scholar Bart Ehrman, the question of why there is so much suffering in the world is more than a haunting thought. . Also, learn details Info regarding the Current Net worth of Bart D. Oppenheimer stands at a height of 5 feet 8 inches. E. By Others Earl Doherty's Responses to Bart Ehrman's Did Jesus Exist? Now an eBook: Doherty’s Rebuttal of Ehrman’s Case for the Existence of Jesus Hermann Detering's Review of Bart Ehrman's Did. My best guess is that Q was originally believed to have been compiled by Matthew, and the Gospel of Matthew was attributed to Matthew because it was recognised to include that material (unlike Mark). Oppenheimer stands at a height of 5 feet 8 inches. Evans Bart Ehrman: Opening Statement 21 Craig Evans: Opening Statement 34 Bart Ehrman: Response 53 Craig Evans: Response 57 Bart Ehrman: Conclusion 60 Craig Evans: Conclusion 62 Questions and Answers 65 The State of the Quest for the Historical Jesus 75 Robert B. ἕν is neuter, not masculine, so the assertion is not that Jesus and the Father. +. Professor Ehrman is very knowledgeable and gave great lectures. James Robert White is a Baptist theologian, [1] the director of Alpha and Omega Ministries, an evangelical Reformed Baptist Christian apologetics organization based in Phoenix, Arizona and a Christian scholar. He was a scholar of Greek, New Testament, and New. Ehrman net worth, bio, age, height, family, wiki, birthday, career, salary [Last Update 2021]! Famous Scholar Bart D. or not (for what it is worth, he was) is irrelevant to the question of. On Buzzlearn. He has written six New. Donations are tax. (B) Isaac typology and the Avatarhood as seen in Isaiah. In Forged, Ehrman's bottom line message is that literary forgeries were plentiful in antiquity, many of which were written by Christians and that approximately 70 percent of the New Testament writings were. 4 November 2016 The Price-Ehrman debate—Pt. It is by two Italian scholars, married to each other, who teach at the Università di Bologna, Adriana Destro, an anthropologist, and. It’s already getting good reviews in the trade journals, the publications that announce which books are soon to come out and have experts review them in advance, so those booksellers, book stores, libraries, and so on. historic timeline, annotated. Ehrman. 2. Speaking only for myself, my process began with the claims of “the inerrancy of scripture” by evangelicals. Bart D. I love the work of Prof. Now *here* is a recorded saying of Jesus I bet you haven’t heard before. Bart D. An article appeared in the Atlantic this past week that exposes academic fraud at the highest levels, involving millions of dollars, unscrupulous scholars, and evangelical Christians so intent on proving the truth of the Bible that they were willing, even eager, to engage in unethical and fraudulent activities to do so. Professor, 1999 – 2003. so it’s worth it. Mormonism. Bart Ehrman offers a hypothesis, a very good one to explain it. Funcționează ca profesor și decan al Departamentului de Studii ale Religiei din cadrul Universității Carolina de Nord, Chapel Hill. Ehrman (born 5 October 1955) is an American New Testament scholar, currently the James A. Those who view Jesus as nonapocalyptic generallyAs I began reading work by Bart Ehrman, I was referred to other scholars with more religious leanings like James White by Christian friends that are studying history. It's as if Biblical scholarship has nothing to do with faith. Bart D. Book One is a very fine survey of the wide variety of religions of the Second and Third Centuries C. $1 Million – $5 Million. In this new account, acclaimed author Bart Ehrman contextualizes early Christian narratives of heaven and hell within the broader intellectual and cultural worlds from which they emerged. 9 Manteo 90. Department Chair, 2000 – 2006. Jesus the Myth: Heavenly Christ. audio course taught by Professor Bart D. January 25, 2021. Mar 19, 1999. ”. As he has in the past, Ehrman writes in a manner easily understood by the non-scholar. Mark) and the later writings (John /. from 1742. Religious and biblical scholar Bart Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity. As for what the early disciples precisely believed, we will learn it on judgement day if we make it to Paradise we can ask God about it may He guide us. Ehrman’s Estimated Net Worth, Age, Biography, Career, Height, Weight, Family, Wiki. December 29, 2015. "Neil, for what it is worth it is obvious to me that if you had earlier in life tracked into a graduate program at one of the world’s leading research universities you would be one of the world’s formidable ones. 1 Lumberton 99. Bart Ehrman says that Jesus existed. Like. All expenses incurred are for operation of the website EHRMANBLO. A Catholic Scholar named Brant Pitre addresses with Bart Ehrman's arguments in his book, The Case for Jesus and talks a lot about the reliability of the New Testament. 3. My knowledge of early Christianity comes entirely from Bart D. “Bring some of the fish you have just caught. October 21, 2021. Jesus stated that He is the I Am (John 8:58), this is the name God used in revealing Himself to Moses (Ex. University of NC at Chapel Hill, 125 Saunders Hall CB #3225, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3225Richard Carrier – My Response to His Criticisms. Ehrman James A. Ehrman is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus and God's Problem. 232 in. I have been on Terry Gross six times now, and have enjoyed it immensely each time. Ehrman’s estimated Net Worth, fast cars, relaxing vacations, pompous lifestyle, income, & other features are listed below. Now, their church receives over 10 thousand people per week. Net Worth in 2023: $1 Million - $5 Million: Salary in 2023: Under Review: Net Worth in 2022: Pending: Salary in 2022: Under Review: House: Not Available: Cars: Not Available: Source of Income Bart Denton Ehrman [a] (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. Ehrman. In the book trailer for the new book “Did Jesus Exist”, Bart Ehrman says “as a historian, I can assure you, that no matter what anybody else says about him, Jesus most certainly existed. I had heard that in college when I was maybe 18, and I’ve been saying it ever since. I had committed to a public debate with the prominent agnostic New Testament scholar Bart Ehrman. Whether taken as a book of faith or a cultural artifact, the New Testament is among the most significant writings the world has ever known, its web of meaning relied upon by virtually every major writer in the last 2,000 years. [2] [3] He is the author of several books. Once I get their comments back I’ll make revisions and then get it sent out to the publisher; the plan is to have it published in the spring of 2022. Lest I be guilty of lumping all Mythicists in one category, the only reason why the book gets 2 stars is because there a few articles that, if one sifts through the hysterical anti-Ehrman diatribes, have some. I especially liked the Guidebook’s 333 B. as other scholars have vigorously argued. Matthew Ferguson has posted a very thorough article clearly setting out a weakness in Bart Ehrman’s argument with William Lane Craig over the probability of the resurrection of Jesus. For almost 1,500 years, the New Testament manuscripts were copied by hand––and mistakes and intentional changes abound in the competing manuscript versions.