DC Blocks are placed within a system to stop any signal with a frequency of Zero Hz (DC) from interfering with sensitive RF components. Click to use the Normalized VSWR calculator,. Pi Attenuator Calculator. This calculator utilises the diameter of the reflector and the operating frequency to calculate critical antenna characteristics such as gain, HPBW, and. Related Blog Posts and Calculators. It follows Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) mode and the separate uplink and downlink bands allow for simultaneous transmission on two frequencies. With hundreds of coaxial RF cables in-stock and ready to ship worldwide immediately, our coax capacitance calculator lets you calculate the impedance of a coax by allowing you to enter the outer diameter dielectric width and inner conductor diameter. EIRP is most commonly given in decibels over isotropic, dBi. Companies like JFW Industries can make a mismatch load (or mismatch termination) that can be used to test amplifiers and help characterize their performance under conditions that might occur in the. Enter the value for VSWR in the below calculator to find out the values for Reflection Co-efficient, Reflected Power in % and Return loss in dB and the mismatch loss in dB. (i. The waveguide width determines the lower cutoff frequency and is equal (ideally) to ½ wavelength of the lower cutoff frequency. Conversion Tables. As an example of common VSWR values, a VSWR of 3. Graphics downloads. The low-pass filter often is a natural choice for lumped element. Return Loss to VSWR Conversion Chart. VSWR Calculation. The relationship between composite return loss and individual return loss in the constructive condition of identical mismatches is that the composite VSWR is the the square of the individual VSWRs. PRS1520. 2. In the ideal case where the source, transmission line and load all have an impedance of 50 Ω the VSWR will be 1:1 (perfectly matched). It supports n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261 5G bands and has an EIRP of 43 dBm (n261). VSWR to Return Loss (dB) Calculator. VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the antenna. Mismatch Loss: Reflected Power Through Power (dB) Coefficient, Γ (dB) (%) (%) 1 17. It consists of an SP8T switch followed by 7 fixed frequency bandpass filters which are followed by another SP8T switch. The Parabolic Reflector Antenna Calculator on everything RF is an online tool that assists engineers and designers in calculating the critical parameters of a parabolic reflector antenna. אנו יודעים שהגל העומד, המסביר את יחס הגל העומד, הוא. It has a real-time bandwidth of 120/240 MHz and can generate standard signal types (CW, sweep, chirp, pulse, etc. This calculator converts between return loss (RL), voltage standing wave ration (VSWR), and reflection coefficient (Γ). Aug 22, 2021. VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern along the length of a transmission line structure. 6 dB of mismatch loss). Welcome to our VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) calculator, a tool designed to simplify your RF projects by accurately determining the VSWR based on your system’s Source and Load impedances. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then the VSWR is defined by the. The WCN3998 from Qualcomm is a 2x2 Wi-Fi 6-ready integrated chipset with Bluetooth 5, WPA3 Security, and digital FM. Note that the outer boundary of the Smith Chart (where =1) corresponds to a VSWR of infinity. VSWR Calculator Pincident watts Preflected watts VSWR VSWR transmitter fold back 1. The TEM wavelength (λ) depends upon the frequency and relative permittivity (εr) medium (like waveguide/ stripline. It is due to inherent imbalances in directional devices. VSWR to return loss conversion “ Convert VSWR ” This is an online conversion tool for converting between VSWR, return loss and reflection coefficient, which are different ways to express how well a load is matched to a source. S22 would be the reflected power radio 2 is attempting to deliver to antenna 2. For one example, if you have two 2:1 mismatches separated by some distance, the worst case at some frequencies will look like 4:1 VSWR. 5, the corresponding value of. SINAD to ENOB Calculator. 780-444-6767 VSWR - Return Loss - Γ Conversions These are the standard set of equations for converting between VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient (Γ). In general, a lower VSWR means a system and load is well matched with most of the power being radiated by the antenna and a relatively small amount reflected back into the system. 34:1 or a return loss of 16. , there is no standing wave). Follow the discussion. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) calculator determines reflection coefficient (GAMMA), VSWR, and return loss (dB) for a mismatched line. S-parameter Utilities Spreadsheet. 50:1, the resulting maximum VSWR will be 4. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio between transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves in a radio frequency (RF) electrical transmission system. 39 0. For example, an oscillator is intended to run at 10MHz. This ratio represented in dB is called as. You can take the readings from. vswrant = vswr (object,frequency,z0) calculates and returns the VSWR of an antenna or array element, over specified frequency range, and a reference impedance of z0 ohms. This morning, I got the following e-mail from a friend of mine who is a member of the University of Michigan Amateur Radio Club. 0:1). Unless you have a piece of slotted line-test equipment this is a hard definition to use, especially since the concept of voltage. These parameters are often applied to antennas, RF filters and RF amplifiers such as LNA s and PA s. RF Calculator #1 : RF budget calculator: This RF link calculator is useful provided Satellite and Ground station information is available. The power reflected back from an antenna is specified using either the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or the reflection coefficient. 25 is average. Result. WNC C-V2X. The calculator is designed to be fine tuned after the initial input. 43 20. VSWR to Return Loss Formula VSWR = (1 + 10-RL/20)/ (1 - 10-RL/20) Example Calculation A Return. The results of this calculator may be rounded, the user takes responsibility for use of results. Since reactance represents "stored energy", it is not very useful. dBuV/m. 4. Free online calculators. These parameters are often applied to antennas, RF filters and RF amplifiers such as LNAs and PAs. There is a mathematical equation to accurately calculate the VSWR of an RF system. 16-Feb-2022. Calculation Select input type: Result: VSWR (pronounced "viswar"), or the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, is the ratio of the maximum standing wave amplitude at one node to the. The WNC C-V2X from Wistron is a Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) module, designed to serve automotive applications such as on-board units (OBU) and telematic control units (TCU). This power splitter has an insertion loss of 0. The calculator is a spreadsheet that accepts VSWR specifications for all the components in your RF Path—tower mounted amplifiers, diplexers, bias tees, etc. VSWR adalah VSWR juga dapat di artikan sebagai perbandingan antara gelombang maksimum dengan gelombang minimum. Return loss vs. Just in case you don’t care for mathematical equations, here’s a little “cheat sheet” table to help. This website was last updated. The bands have a separation between them called the duplex spacing. It uses a bilinear Moebius transformation, projecting the complex impedance plane onto the complex Γ plane: Γ = Z −Z0 Z +Z0 with Z = R +jX (3) As can be seen in Fig. VSWR Calculator INPUT Values include: “…VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss…” For more information see Microwave Calculators or Microwave 101. These fast, accurate and cost-effective equipment are used by technicians and site engineers during cell site installation. The S-parameter matrix describes networks with an arbitrary number of ports. Click on the desired link below to use each calculator. Wavelength. HSM12001B. Apr 15, 2023. 99 $ = 1-Gamma^2$. 64/100) = ±0. VSWR. Because the reflection coefficient Γ < 1, then the return loss will have a positive dB value. 44. Measuring RF impedance by the three voltmeter method. This online reflection coefficient to return loss calculator calculates the return loss (dB) by entering the reflection efficient Γ (= value. After that, the total noise factor (F) is calculated for 3 stages as follows. VSWR Explained. Characteristic Impedance Ω. The calculator will only return data for frequencies below the cutoff frequency of the cable. The VSWR is a function of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient, so no phase information is obtained about the impedance. 5. VSWR = (1 + √ PRFL/PFWD ) / (1 - √ PRFL/PFWD ) back. (GHz) Nut Attach Attach /Pin in (mm) in (mm) lb (g)Solved Example. Figure 1 Given the source and load VSWRs, the VSWR Calc program quickly calculates RF measurement uncertainties. The VSWR is a measure of the efficiency of a transmission line and is used to determine how well the line is matched to the impedance of the. But, for a practical system. VSWR and impedance, Part 4: Measurements. Specifically, return loss is related to the reflection coefficient (Γ) as follows: Return Loss (dB) = -20 log10|Γ|. (Submissions after 2013 are here. The chart is used during RF simulation by RF engineers and is displayed by vector network. In addition, if GAMMA, VSWR, or dB is known, the calculator can convert between the three. But it does have a few entry boxes and drop-down menus that can take some time to familiarize yourself with. A fine-tuned understanding of these metrics can guide an engineer to enhance system performance, optimize power transmission, and develop breakthrough solutions. e. This is due to an old/degraded VHF antenna that has a high Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). Suitable for VHF (~1. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) and Return Loss both measure the same parameter i. Voltage and Current Calculator. The. - impedance of the filter. To help the engineers conducting VSWR sweeps, Lou developed the PIM and VSWR System Calculators, one of our most valuable assets helping many customers during the design phases and site build-outs. After using our pi pad calculator and installing your attenuator, you can use our VSWR calculator to know how your VSWR has improved. 99. Note: impedance is a complex quantity, it has real and imaginary parts or magnitude and phase; instruments are almost always calibrated for Zo being some nominal real value, is Xo=0 (eg when people speak of a 50Ω instrument, that means 50+j0Ω even if they don't. This does NOT take into consideration the type or size of horizontal reflectors, of even if there is a need for them. Note that the outer boundary of the Smith Chart (where =1) corresponds to a VSWR of infinity. 94 -> 100W output = 80W radiated VSWR ReturnLoss(db). The transmitter automatically cuts down the forward power to 90 Watts. 3360-x16 from Spectrum Instrumentation is a PXI Digitizer with ADC Resolution 12 Bits, Voltage Range ±200 mV to ±2. As the VSWR increases, the quality of the match deteriorates and more power is reflected back. 8 is 80%, or -0. Frequency in Ghz. When an ideal match is not encountered by the incident (forward) wave, part of it is coupled to the load and part is reflected back to the source. Antenna. It provides a measure of how efficiently RF power is transmitted from a power source, through a transmission line, to a load such as an antenna. Pincident watts. Wire over Ground Calculator. Printable (pdf version) - Updated only with firmware releases (may not be latest). Therefore, a VSWR of less than 1. So, let’s take a step-by-step look at how to get your cascade analysis rolling. Bottom line is that in most cases, if the return loss of a coupler is specified at 15 dB, all of the ports are expected to meet that requirement, over the. In any design requiring transfer of an RF signal and its energy from one functional block or component in a system to a. Jan 23, 2021. 12:1, which is a. A series of RF calculators for radio frequency engineers. A value of 1 indicates that all of the energy passes through. VSWR and Return Loss RF Calculator VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is a measurement of how well matched a radio transmitter and transmission line is to a load such as an antenna. The flexible types (9913F and LMR-400UF) are preferred, particularly for rotatable antennas. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. or any device with a web browser. This calculator is designed to give the vertical length (height) of a particular antenna, for the frequency and wavelength chosen. click on any item below to see example plots:The interactive Smith chart enables users to navigate their way around a Smith chart, using simple discrete element impedance matching. Power to Voltage. It also gives an estimate of the mismatched loss if the mismatch is specified. This module delivers a 5G downlink data rate of up to 2. Slotted line impedance measurements use the reflection phenomenon in a slotted line at microwave frequencies to calculate complex impedance. Noise Conversion Calculator. 4. Inductor; PCB Meander inductor calculator; Mixer spurious; Noise. For a VSWR of 1. There are also sections on calculating machines and slide rules as well as sections for buying and selling HP calculators, an HP timeline, collecting information and a software library. This article will provide a refresher on the concepts behind VSWR and return loss, then explore some special considerations about the VSWR to. There is also a selection of suitable RF. return loss Calculator (by using VSWR) Skin Depth Calculator. A SWR can be also defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude to. Spektrum is a popular spectrum analyzer program that is used with RTL-SDR dongles. This tool is javascript so it works on Windows, Mac, IOS, Android. Return loss is when the transmitted signal is not completely. Calculate. 26 (800) TMS-COAX • LMR-400 TIMES MICROWAVE SYSTEMS Connectors Inner Outer Finish* Part Stock VSWR ** Coupling Contact Contact Body Length Width Weight Interface Description Number Code Freq. Slotted lines were also used to measure frequency by measuring a half-wavelength of the signal; not very accurate but that was all that the microwave pioneers had in those days. 7 dB. Measure S11 across the desired frequency range. Tags: Vector Signal Generator. VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio it used to measure the all-types waves (example: antenna waves) during transmission. PIM Calculator; Third order IP; Inductors. It is specified in dB. When the load or antenna impedance, Z (whether real or complex) changes we get different values of VSWR that fall in this range. RX1, RX2 Noise bridge calculator. to a calculator or computer program that will handle it. Antennas, Unit-Conversions, VSWR, RF power, DSP,. Do all your RF calculations using this application. To help the engineers conducting VSWR sweeps, Lou developed the PIM and VSWR. As an added bonus, the results are modifiable and can calculate the other values. This tool calculates the S11 from the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). 1, for system 2 is 0. Let's delve deeper into these core concepts, and. VSWR / Return Loss Calculator. A microstrip width calculator can calculate the width of a microstrip. Measuring VSWR and Gain in Wireless Systems. VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio, sometimes pronounced "viswar"), is the ratio of the maximum standing wave amplitude at one node to the minimum. SPD701. requiring a termination VSWR of 1. September 27, 2016 By Dan KB6NU 6 Comments. Set Parameters as Desired. good. For a VSWR of around 5. Suppose the wave is. VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Calculator. This mismatch can influence the performance of the source. Just enter the value of source return loss, input return loss, output return loss, load return loss, device gain, and isolation then the calculator will compute the minimum and maximum gain. Pasternack's Friis Transmission Equation Calculator is a path loss calculation measurement tool that calculates the received power from an antenna at some distance given a transmission frequency and antenna gains. For Verticals: Cut / Add result to your vertical radiator. VSWR calculator: Isolation between circuit stages (mentioned above) is a way to minimize the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and, in this way, improve impedance matching. This is an online conversion tool for converting between VSWR, return loss and reflection coefficient, which are different ways to express how well a load is matched to a source. In this situation (refer to the equations above), Γ = 1 and VSWR = 2/0 = ∞. On the other hand, VSWR and the reflection coefficient are connected by the equation: VSWR = (1+|Γ. Learn about voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, and mismatch loss, which helps characterize the wave reflections in a radio frequency (RF) design. The methods using the impedance of the load or looking into the line produce accurate answers, and are the only way to get reasonably accurate answers with high VSWR or. Enter Reflected Power: watts. This can be built into a FLEXI-BOX and a transmission line PCB is available which easily adapts for this circuit with one simple trimming operation. He got a request from a researcher at the university, who. Các ứng dụng của VSWR: Các chức năng chính của VSWR : Truyền Antenna: Tỷ lệ sóng đứng điện áp (VSWR) là một chỉ báo về lượng không phù hợp giữa một ante nna và đường cấp dữ liệu kết nối với nó. The table was created with a handy Windows-based program called VSWR Calculator, detailed by author Steve Hageman of Agilent Technologies (Santa Rosa, CA) in his. A high VSWR indicates that there are problems with the antenna and/or transmission line, as a large amount of energy is being reflected back instead of being. This collection of RF and Power Management design tools reflects Qorvo's commitment to the engineering community. Use the S11 value in the calculator above to find the equivalent VSWR. +-Wire 2 Wire 1 +-0 F = V g Z g Z L I ( d) V ( d) l Transmission line Load Z o Generator d d x | V ( d) | d n Convert VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient and mismatch loss with this online calculator. here is an online cascaded VSWR calculator using the RSS method. For example, a VSWR of 1. ,100 % power transferred from a source to a load via a transmission line/cable). VSWR of 1. VSWR Calculator: This is the ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage in standing wave pattern. The equivalent VSWR is 1. A minimum value of VSWR is desired for maximum power transfer between the source and the load. - Applied attenuation. VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage on a loss-less transmission line (expressed as 3. Radio Frequency Engineering Calculator. The RM500Q-GL from Quectel is a Sub-6 GHz Cellular 5G Module that is optimized for global (except USA) IoT and eMBB applications. It can handle an average input power of up to 300 W and a peak input power of 3 kW. An SWR of 1. Reactance elements in RF circuits are made up of capacitors (producing negative reactance) and inductors (producing positive reactance). This calculator allows calculation of VSWR from Zload (or Yload or S11) and Zo. dB. Wave Number. In general, a lower. Antenna and cable analyzers are handheld RF test instruments used for on-the-go testing of RF cables and antenna performance at their frequency of operation and quickly locate faults in RF cable, connector, and antenna. 1, for system 2 is 0. ) The Museum of HP Calculators displays and describes older Hewlett-Packard calculators. These are considered to be standardized impedance values with cables readily available. A magic-tee, or hybrid tee, is a 4-port waveguide structure that behaves as an electric field and magnetic field 3dB coupler, and is in fact, a combination of E-plane and H-plane tees. 43. A table of convenient values are presented at the bottom. That is, a VSWR = 1 would be the center of the Smith Chart, and VSWR=3 would be a circle centered around the center of the Smith Chart, with magnitude =0. Use these voltage values and D in the following equation to get the reflection coefficient: Solve this equation for Γ to get the reflection coefficient and VSWR. Now let's look at the response. All channels of this splitter are phase and group delay matched and each channel includes a ferrite isolator. Will mismatch at either port A or B of a 2-way power splitter/combiner cause significant performance degradation? A. WinRFCalc Free Windows RF Calculator. If you provide an email address I can share a system. VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line leading to an antenna. This online inductance, reactance, and admittance calculator helps to calculate the value of reactance XL (Ω) and inductive susceptance BL (m-mhos) of an inductor by entering the value of the inductance L (nH) and frequency of operation (GHz). reflection coefficient Calculator. Assuming the systems have no internal loss. Once the VSWR is known, return loss can be calculated as follows: Return Loss = 20 ∙ log10 () Generally, a higher return loss value is preferable. 97dB. In order to improve the. VSWR. Here are the things that you can plot in this version. VSWR, Return Loss and Reflection Coefficient Calculators. Select a. Upper VSWR: Calculate. Advertisement. reflection coefficient definition. The below step by step solved example problem may helpful for users to understand how the input values are being used in such calculations to find the ratio of load impedance matching to the transmission line or wave guide characteristic impedance (Z 0). The power in decibel-milliwatts ( P(dBm)) is equal to 10 times base 10 logarithm of the power in milliwatts ( P(mW) ):Use the Series and Shunt Impedance Calculator: to try your own impedances; Change Grid: S11, (ZL normalized to source impedance Z0) Z_Load: Z_Load:. This online calculator also provides an additional calculator to calculate the value of the. As such, you must consider conductor geometry, the presence of external fields, and VSWR before you can determine power handling. 1 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum amplitude of the standing wave. This calculator allows calculation of VSWR from Zload (or Yload or S11) and Zo. With the initial values in place, you need only click on Calculate. PDR05848. Enter Forward Power: watts. VSWR Calculator. 9, for system 2 is 0. Signal’s power level lower than 1 mW has negative dBm values, and the signals stronger than 1 mW have positive dBm values. This application note supplies a free of charge software tool that can e. 98 dB return loss. Frequency (typical) Frequency (MHz) 30 50 150 220 450 900 1500 1800 2000 2500 5800 8000Fig 4—Smith Chart with SWR circles added. Circles centered at the origin of the Smith Chart are. 1 Return loss in dB = 26. —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. Suppose the wave is not matched with load and signal there is some unwanted signals are interrupted or signal loss is occurred. Voltage Measured Along a Transmission Line. The ATEK950P6 from ATEK MIDAS is a Sub-Octave Switch Filter Bank that operates from 2 to 8000 MHz. If the match is not perfect, the peaks and valleys of the returned signal will not align perfectly with the transmitted signal and the greater this number is, the worse the match is. The C-V2X module operates in the 5. TEM wavelength is the distance between two adjacent peaks or troughs of adjacent cycles of the TEM wave. The online calculators are usable in pop-up mode for easy. This tool calculates the matching network necessary to terminate a line of the specified characteristic impedence (Z o) in a specific complex load impedence (R L + jX L) at a specified frequency. Reflected power ratio for system 1 is 0. Save the file to your hard drive. 5 dB, Noise Figure 6 dB, Output Power 23 to 25 dBm. 5 ". Then print all or some of the file. e. Reflection Attenuator Calculator. Active return loss and mismatch calculator with results for absolute impedance, return loss, VSWR, reflection coefficient and mismatch loss. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), a unitless ratio ranging from 1 to infinity, expresses the amount of reflected energy at the input or output of the device. To do so, calculate the desired return loss and subtract the known load return loss. Where: Gain (dB) = pyramidal horn antenna gain in dB (i. 2 . RL = 20 * log10 ( (VSWR + 1) / (VSWR - 1)) RL = 20 ∗ log10( (V S W R + 1)/(V S W R − 1)) Variables: RL is the Return Loss (dB) VSWR is the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Preflected watts. Plot input impedance for a range of frequencies. Balanced Attenuator Calculator. 0:1). But the meter at the transmitter will show a VSWR of 1. 5. Skin Depth Calculator. Calculate initial load line of valve RF amplifier. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. 5 indicates that virtually all the power is being absorbed by the antenna. Polar or rectangular grids only allow direct reading of S11. This requires an exact match between the source. 5 vswr and the average of that wavering only goes up with frequency. Thanks to it's easy to use GUI it is an excellent piece of software for scanning and determining where active signals exist, or for measuring filters and. everything RF is the leading source of information for the RF & Microwave Industry. 2. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum amplitude of a standing wave, as seen in the following Figure: Figure 1. A VSWR of less than 1. For ease in theoretical calculations, most multipactor power rating curves presented in literature apply to parallel plate conductors. Skin Depth CalculatorVSWR of 1. Return Loss. MS2090A. V/m. Sometimes something old is new, or something old is still . A high VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) is a problem in reflective type attenuators when compared to the absorptive (non-reflective) type attenuators. e. 01. Upper VSWR: Calculate. Calculator. Calculates VSWR from forward and reflected power. Example 2. Mar 23, 2023. VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) VSWR is a measurement of the level of standing waves on a feeder. Try our […] The calculator converts between return-loss, VSWR, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. Tee Attenuator Calculator. 2. Note that the power handling calculation is based on controlled conditions, including a temperature of 25°C, sea level, and a still air (natural convection) environment. —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. Port Z1 Real, Imaginary Impedance (Ohms) =, j : Port Z2 Real, Imaginary Impedance (Ohms) =, j : Reflection Coefficient (Lin Mag,Deg) =,The VSWR is an important measure of the quality of a radio antenna system. VSWR (pronounced "viswar"), or the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, is the ratio of the maximum standing wave amplitude at one node to the minimum amplitude at another node in a system. Three sizes are included so you can have just the right one . RF Path Calculator - Global RF calculators and converters. such as the VSWR or the terminating impedance of a device under test (DUT). Requires Windows 7 (64 Bit) or higher. 06 or better. The link budget is an impotant value that enables engineers to design systems based on the required sensitivity of a receiver at a particular distance. It is useful to display or measure very small amount of reflections. This ratio can also be measured in dB, and expressed as Return Loss. 64 (800) TMS-COAX • TIMES MICROWAVE SYSTEMS TC-400-TM LMR®-400-UF UltraFlex Communications Coax LMR-400-UF TC-400-716-MC Connectors Inner Outer Finish* Part Stock VSWR**. Enter Load and Characteristic impedances to calculate VSWR and Reflection Coeffecients. Fortunately, there’s a very easy way to analyze complex loads using graphical methods and it’s called the Smith Chart. Each SP8T switch is used to send the input/output signals to 2 pins. The SP4-4080X from Aaronia AG is a Power Divider with Frequency 400 MHz to 8 GHz, Insertion Loss 18 dB, Isolation 6 dB, Input Power 2 W, Amplitude Balance ±0. 8 is starting to get a little bit over the ideal, however most transmitters will run happily at this.