PermaSEAL Membranes . PermaSEAL 3 Mesh has a life expectancy of at least 30 years (DIN 9001:2000). Newton Membranes and PermaSEAL Waterproofing Membranes come in a wide variety of sizes and types. PermaSEAL 3 Clear is a high quality, high density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane suitable for use in damp proofing structures above ground level. The paint’s consistency is similar to thick emulsion paint, boasting of several properties including. PermaSEAL 1 Floor Membrane is guaranteed against deterioration for 30 years and has a life expectancy of at least 50 years (DIN: 9001:2000). We’re here to help and have over thirty years of. It is the most effective form of basement waterproofing. PermaSEAL 8 Green Roof Membrane – a drainage layer suitable for extensive and intensive green roofs and horizontal drainage below parking decks and walkways. Permaseal can be purchased at most hardware stores and home improvement stores. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials. Let it sit for several days, then remove the foil to see if the wall or room side of the foil is wet. It is very important to get the wall tie spacing correct to ensure structural stability. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh is an inert. Coarse surface: 2. The PermaSEAL Basement Sump and Pump System is designed for the removal of ground water from within basements, light wells and water collected from cavity drain membrane systems. It is used for abutting joints, for repairs or where membranes have been cut to enable them to overlap such as at corners, reveals, wall/floor joints or protrusions through the membrane. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh is a high quality, high density polyethylene (HPDE) membrane suitable for use in damp proofing structures above ground level. This means that you can redecorate quickly. Blocks penetrating damp on interior walls and. VCLs prevent excess moisture entering a wall’s cavity, behind the insulation. 0. SubSeal-40™ is a prefabricated, 40 mil self adhering sheet-type waterproofing membrane. PermaSEAL 3 Clear has a life expectancy of at least 30 years (DIN 9001:2000). Larger basements or basements. The mesh provides an excellent key for a range of finishes. As manufacturers we pass savings onto you. If you have any questions in relation to external waterproofing or basement waterproofing in general get in touch. Ensure that the. The Permaseal Quick Plug also has a. PermaSEAL Floordrain PermaSEAL Floordrain Channel collects and safely transportsAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. How to waterproof a basement and fix groundwater and flooding basements. The filter fabric allows water to pass into the cavity created by the. Call 0117 982 3282. 0mm (nominal) thick combined reinforced (polyester & fibreglass) APP modified bituminous torch applied. PURPOSE : Reserved for exceptionally large areas, and ensures best performance of the SEMCO Liquid Membrane™. Discover the most effective interior basement waterproofing solution in Toronto. Compatible with all types of pool paints. Features an expansion pin to provide the most secure fixing. 5 gal. Both sides may have retained moisture. Plaster Plugs 60mm. PermaSEAL 1 Floor Membrane is inert and is highly resistant to water, alkalis, hydro-carbons, saline solutionsPermaSEAL Self-Adhesive Tanking Membrane should only be installed in dry weather and at temperatures between 5 °C to 30 °C. Fleece Tape for Damp Proof Membranes. They are supplied with a rubber grommet so that when the plug is fixed into the substrate the grommet creates a compression seal against the membrane to stop any water ingress. . STOP RISING DAMPNESS IN ITS TRACKS. Ensure that the membrane is fitted level by laser levelling the wall beforehand. Mon: 7AM-6PM. Remove the protective paper from the Double Sided Tape. 20mm Total weight Approx. Most basement waterproofing specialists will offer to carry out a survey of the basement first, free of charge. Sealing a deck costs $936 or typically between $551 and $1,329. This is often misdiagnosed as. Self-Adhesive Membrane. This is a guaranteed solution to seal and waterproof a basement, without using numer. Rating: 100%. If you need to lay floor tile tiling, use the 3 mm mesh-faced damp-proof membrane. Whilst still tacky, you should apply the Fillet Seal to the area, rounding off the fillet to create a smooth curve across the junction. Wed: 7AM-6PM. The super-elastomeric color from Ames features a remarkable combination of adhesive, long-lasting liquid rubber responsible for a rigid elastic membrane. These membrane Plugs are designed to give a rapid fix into varying substrates. Lining of storage tanks for potable water. Our ground-breaking Sika Watertight Concrete System is specifically designed for water resistance underground. 60. Flat/Ponding Surface- Apply a minimum final thickness of 1 gallon/15 sq ft (1. ft. In layman’s terms, it is liquid rubber waterproof product. A lightweight, high quality green roof growing medium for extensive green roofs - designed to provide all the nutrients to support your living roof. 65mm high density polyethylene. All you need to do is brush or roller it on to a sound masonry surface to create a damp proof and vapour proof layer. Up to 25m² per 5 litre unit. Produced from Recycled Material. The hose length should not exceed 100’ (30 m) in length and 3/8” (9 mm) in diameter. The low profile stud depth of just 3mm makes it versatile, suitable for use as both a wall and floor-applied membrane. PermaSEAL Meshed Damp Proof Membrane is a 3mm meshed plastic membrane designed to isolate the damp background and provide an excellent ‘key’ for lime mortars, renders, plasters and dabbed plasterboard. 35 to $6. 5 Litres of Kiesol C will cover approximately 50 linear metres of single skin (110mm, 4. 5 in) of RESISTO ELASTOMERIC SEALANT at the junction between the footing and the foundation wall to ensure optimal waterproofing after the installation of the membrane on the transition zone. It is easy to apply and maintain. installed. Zinsser 5 gal. The stud depth of 8mm provides versatile use as both a wall and floor applied membrane. For each of these applications and more, there's a BITUTHENE® product developed by GCP Applied Technologies. Cavity Drain Membranes . Features. Newton 508 is made from 0. Once dry, apply Colour Flex with a roller or brush. PermaSEAL Permagard® is immensely proud of its PermaSEAL® range of damp proofing and waterproofing products. Permagard’s PermaSEAL damp proof paint can be used on numerous surfaces for damp proofing and vapour proofing applications. £41. Permaflex is a liquid polyurethane waterproofing coating. Ensure that the membrane is fitted level by laser levelling the wall beforehand. Permagard has a large range of damp proof membranes, DPMs, and associated fixings. at reveals or protrusions through the membrane. g. Perma-Seal 8 Geo-Drain is a twin sheet 8mm stud cavity drain membrane with Geotex, a filter fabric, thermally welded to the studded face. Roger looks at the challenges presented when waterproofing a basement. Polymer-based products last for the lifetime of the building and are not affected by soil pH. All are available with next working day delivery when ordered before 1pm. Get rid of wet basements with RCC Waterproofing's trusted services. Depending on the specific water problem and where the water is coming from, exterior basement waterproofing may be the best bet to solve your water intrusion problem. PermaSEAL Membranes . They are designed to produce a cavity between the waterproof membrane and the wet wall. PermaSEAL® waterproofing membranes can also be used in conjunction with other external waterproofing products. Cost Range. to 12:30 P. However, some may add a fee for the survey, which will be around £100. 60. The signs can be hard to spot too (most people don’t tend to spend too. Uses of Fleece. PermaSEAL Tanking Slurry in grey is specially designed for waterproofing basements and cellars. PermaSEAL 8 Plaster Membrane is a high quality basement wall waterproofing membrane. Flat/Ponding Surface- Apply a minimum final thickness of 1 gallon/15 sq ft (1. This is only a guide to demonstrate the installation of the Delta membrane system. x 76-1/5 ft. Perma-Seal 8 Mesh is a high quality high density polyethylene (HPDE) membrane suitable for use in waterproofing structures below ground level (basements) and isolating damp Walls above ground level. Exterior waterproofing a basement costs $10,000 to $15,000. Dimple mat, or dimple board, is a product that seems to fall somewhere in between simple asphaltic dampproofing and a full-on waterproofing membrane. For that take a look at How to repair cracks in walls. It provides protection in case of water accumulation. e. Blocks penetrating damp on interior. Image modified from OpenStax Biology. PermaSEAL 8 Clear is a high quality high density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane suitable for use in waterproofing structures below ground level (basements) and isolating damp walls above ground level. Flush out the chase and remove any debris. The product is supplied ready to use straight from the bucket. Up to 25m² per 5 litre unit. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh is fitted to the wall with the studs to the wall and the flat meshed surface facing inwards towards the applicator. 5 gal. SikaBit® self-adhered bituminous modified sheet membranes, provide a cost-efficient solution for basements and below-grade structures. LeakBarrier® BG700 is a self-adhering sheet membrane consisting of a rubberized asphalt with a cross-laminated polyethylene film. Sump and Pump Systems. Damp Proof Paint. Realign the top and side edges of the membrane to the ceiling and edge of the wall, ensuring that the membrane is hanging vertically (a plumb bob can be used to verify this) then drill another hole, again 2” from the ceiling and as close to the edge of the adjoining wall as possible. Using our years of experience and taking into consideration the needs of our customers, the PermaSEAL range has been designed to meet drainage capacity requirements below ground and space requirements above. It can be used in both extensive and intensive green roof systems on houses, sheds, garages and larger commercial projects. The PermaSEAL Floor Membrane has a 20mm stud profile giving a high drainage flow rate of 36,000 litres per hour for each square metre of membrane. Basement waterproofing costs can vary depending on the size and method, but they generally range between $2,250 and $7,063, with the national average at about $4,539. Suitable. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials. French drain. 2 metres, it is taller than the standard mesh membrane. Deck 2. We also stock Plug sealing washers for use with our membrane fixing plugs. -ft. The best way to waterproof basement walls on a DIY basis is to fill cracks with hydraulic cement, and apply a sealant designed for waterproofing basement walls, plus use silicone masonry caulk around. PermaSEAL External Drainage Membranes The type A barrier system will protect the building from water ingress. Types of basement waterproofing membrane. Add to Basket. The square design of the 8mm studs is perfect for corner detailing and managing any protrusions or nibs on the wall surface and it out performs other. Damp proofing membranes such as the PermaSEAL and Platon membrane can be installed straight away meaning a drastically reduced project time. Suitable for brick, stone & render. Ground water is naturally attracted to the window well area and no matter how much landscaping you do to keep water away, once the ground. M. Sat: 7AM-12PM. Most waterproofing experts will charge by the square foot, particularly for. Permaflex is a liquid polyurethane waterproofing coating. About Permagard. Self-adhesive bitumen membrane. It is used externally below ground in conjunction with a land drain or French drain and a bitumen waterproofing material. We have two different types of liquid damp-proof membranes. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh membrane is the ideal product for isolating salt contaminated surfaces. The hygroscopic salts that are contained in the surface. The amount you spend depends on a number of factors, including: Size of the basement: Nevill estimates costs ranging from $3. Whilst this is still damp, apply one coat of tanking slurry 100mm up the wall and 100mm across the floor. com Videos. 1 x 20m² (4m x 5m) PermaSEAL Extensive Root Barrier Membrane. Signs things are wrong with your green roof . The Geodrain membrane is used externally below ground in conjunction with a land drain or french drain to alleviate any water pressure bearing on the structure. Damp proof paint for internal walls can reduce the risk of damp resurfacing, acting as a barrier against water. Can be. Geodrain membrane for new build basements. Two popular choices are the No Hydro Liquid Damp Proof Membrane and the PermaSEAL Liquid DPM. Newton 508 is used for both walls and floors in water ingress situations. This cavity drain membrane system is a water management system that is not designed to block water ingress but simply controls any water that enters the structure to an evacuation point. Basement tanking membranes like PermaSEAL and those manufactured by John Newton and Platon, are designed to control the passage of water using cavity forming membranes, drainage channels and sump and pump water evacuation systems. Next, render the wall with a mix of three parts of washed sharp sand to one part of cement, gauged with clean water, which should contain one part of PermaProof Waterproofer per 24 parts of water. New construction waterproofing services and products to ensure your building will not have future water problems. Product details: Waterproofing refers to treating a surface to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure conditions. Low Risk Areas. It is also resistant to bacteria. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh membrane is the ideal product for isolating salt contaminated surfaces. PermaSEAL PRO 20P features 20mm cavities that are able to store a large volume of water. PermaSEAL 8 Geodrain is designed to relieve water pressure that bares against the structure by allowing water through the geotextile fabric layer into the cavity created by the dimpled membrane where it freely drains down to the land drain where it is taken away. The cob plug is ideal as it has an expanding stem, which provides effective anchorage in a wide range of base materials. With over 30 years of experience, Permagard are happy to offer free technical advice. At Permagard, we advise against using a mesh membrane for vault ceilings due to the number of additional fixings required and the additional weight of wet plaster or renders. 5mm in overall thickness, and is the preferred meshed damp proof membrane where space is of a premium. The simple and fast installation requires the waterbased PermaSEAL ICF Primer followed by overlapping sheets of PermaSEAL Self-Adhesive Tanking Membrane. Our expert team are always happy to help. Work is to. With a high drainage capacity, P20 is ideal for basement floors. 4 sq m). Protect your home from rain & water damage with our high strength Masonry Facade Cream. 5kg/m²/coat 8 to 10m² per 20 kg unit/ coat. Fri: 7AM-6PM. You can also read Liquid Epoxy reviews and check out FAQs in the tabs. The watertight solution engineered for basements. The No Hydro Liquid Damp Proof Membrane is a low-odor, water-based membrane that is ideal for damp floors and concrete. We are official distribution partners for Remmers as well as major stockists of Newton Membranes. Suitable for brick, stone & render. A geodrain membrane, such as PermaSEAL 8 Geodrain Membrane 40m². These PermaSEAL membrane plug sealing washers are part of our complete PermaSEAL system. PermaSEAL 3 Mesh is an inert product. 109. It provides protection in case of water accumulation when drainage at the bottom of foundation walls doesn’t work properly. Permagard – Cavity Drain Membrane Specialists. Our PermaSEAL Mesh membranes have a high-quality meshed surface which provides an excellent ‘key’ for lime mortars, renders, plasters or dabbed plasterboard. Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane 5kg. Dimpled membranes: These are plastic sheets with the dimples facing into the wall, creating about a ½ inch gap for drainage and a capillary break. Our most recently launched solutions are the innovative SikaProof® systems for below ground waterproofing. Find. PermaSEAL Self-Adhesive Tanking Membrane is designed to protect below-ground structures from water ingress. , a two-part epoxy coating like Epoxy. Bamboo Root Control System. £49. Type C Waterproofing involves the installation of a fully maintainable cavity drain membrane system to the inside of the building. Sometimes the existing decking is fine; other times, new materials are needed. Once the underlying damp issue is resolved, it creates a physical barrier to prevent. Check your roof’s decking quality, ability to manage load and waterproofing capacity. It is a fast, economical way to cover ugly walls, stop water vapor from permeating. Basement tanking membranes like PermaSEAL and those manufactured by John Newton and Platon, are designed to control the passage of water using cavity forming membranes, drainage channels and sump and pump water evacuation systems. PermaSEAL 8 Eco Cavity Drain Membrane - 100% recycled cavity drain membrane for basement walls and floors. Our range of PermaSEAL® membranes are highly effective damp proofing membranes designed to damp proof walls and eliminate dampness permanently. Easy and fast installation to foundation walls. Coverage: Application rate 1. Uses of Fleece. Due to the full bond on the hard concrete, the sealant/adhesive of the SikaProof® system prevents any lateral water underflow between. Secure the PermaSEAL 8 Geodrain to the wall with PermaSEAL Quick Plugs at the top of the sheet at approximately 500mm spacings. Newton 503 Mesh is a meshed damp proof membrane for use either internally or externally. PermaSEAL 8 Eco X Black is a high quality cavity drain membrane manufactured from 100% recycled HDPE. This minimises potential blockages. Manufactured from premium HDPE, it provides a drainage layer and filtering layer all in one membrane. 99. The double cuspated design provides two layers of drainage and prevents water getting. 5m² for two coats). Features. The cost to waterproof a basement is $6 to $15 per square foot. PermaSEAL Geodrain 20m² external waterproofing membrane. PermaSEAL Damp Proof Paint is a high performance liquid damp proof membrane. Drill 10mm holes into the substrate to a depth of 80mm and hammer home the plugs. Suitable for brick, stone & render. 1 x 12mm x 300mm SDS Drill Bit. Refill the bucket halfway with clean. Newton WaterSeal Rope is used to seal a studded joint between adjacent sections of membrane. Thu: 7AM-6PM. 1 x 20m² (4m x 5m) PermaSEAL Extensive Root Barrier Membrane. Foundation crack sealing. Permaseal Basement Sump And Dual Pump System 860 00. Tough and flexible, this two-component cementitious membrane is ideal for waterproofing earth-retaining structures, basements, reservoirs, tunnels, water tanks, and covered or buried decks. What is Damp Proof Paint? Damp proof paint is a non-toxic product (free from solvents and plasticizer) that can be applied to surfaces to act as a barrier to. PermaSEAL Damp Proof Paint 5L Permagard. Permagard - Providing Solutions. Every basement waterproofing job is different and the cost will be determined by the size of the property, which basement waterproofing. The heart of the PermaSeal Roofing System is a high-strength, flexible, white, thermoplastic membrane. View all External Waterproofing and Drainage Membranes. PermaSEAL 1 Floor Membrane is guaranteed against deterioration for 30 years and has a life expectancy of at least 50 years (DIN: 9001:2000). To Find out more visit us at: Installing a cavity drainage system in a vault / on a vaulted ceiling. As NJ's trusted basement, crawl space, and foundation experts, we guarantee you a dry and healthy home. PermaSEAL DPM Tape is manufactured from butyl, so it is important not to stretch the tape when unrolling it or applying it. This makes it ideal for green areas designed to do without irrigation for extended periods. Newton Membranes and PermaSEAL Waterproofing Membranes come in a. Whilst the slurry is still tacky, apply PermaSEAL Fillet Seal over the tanking slurry and into the chase creating a cove from the wall to the floor. You’ll pay $0. PermaSEAL 8 Geodrain is supplied in two metre wide rolls. . PermaSEAL Self-Adhesive Tanking Membrane is designed to protect below-ground structures from water ingress. Easy Handling & Installation. 50 Inc VAT. YouGarden’s Bamboo Root Control System is a great value, lightweight root barrier designed to work against bamboo root growth. If you have any questions in relation to external waterproofing or basement waterproofing in general get in touch. First Line of Defense. A regular upkeep schedule does wonders for keeping your decking. High quality and affordable. It should require around 4-5 heavy coats to achieve a 60-80 mil (1. With a powerful bitumen adhesive, it is an efficient way to tank. Fibran XPS 500 - Closed Cell Insulation; Permagard - Providing Solutions, Inspiring. PermaSEAL 8 Mesh is a high quality high density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane suitable for use in waterproofing structures below ground level (basements) and isolating damp walls above ground level. /1,000-sq. This means it can effectively deal with high tide marks caused by salts from rising damp. Features. membrane. Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane. Hydroprufe 3000 can also be used as a tanking membrane or a self-adhesive damp proof membrane in vertical and horizontal applications. The Bituthene System 4000 200 sq. New construction waterproofing services and products to ensure your building will not have future water problems. Dimple mat, or dimple board, is a product that seems to fall somewhere in between simple asphaltic dampproofing and a full-on waterproofing membrane. SUPERSEAL Dimple Membrane is chemical resistant and will not rot as it is made of high density Polyethylene plastic. If you need help with a specification, our team are here to help. 🎬 Watch this: shows us his favourite method for damp proofing a basement or cellar. 4. Damp proof paint for internal walls can reduce the risk of damp resurfacing, acting as a barrier against water. 5 to 8m² per 20 kg unit/ coat. Formulated to provide a uniform finish on a variety of industrial. 75 to $4 per square foot for both materials and labor. Waterproofing. Now apply pressure to the membrane in order to join the two membranes together. Features • High drainage capability • 250kN/m² compressive strength • Rot, chemical, bacteria and frost resistant PermaSEAL Damp Proof Paint is a high performance liquid damp proof membrane. Podium decks, balconies/terraces, flat roofs. Soil gradation. Forms a flexible membrane that stops water & vapour coming through, reducing the chances of damp forming. PermaSEAL Liquid Damp Proof Membrane is part of our complete PermaSEAL range of damp proofing products where quality, value and technical excellence come together. Helical Spiral Bar 6mm x 7m 5 Pack Permagard. Permagard 30 Years of Basement Waterproofing Experience. (16 products) Damp-proof membrane is used to protect buildings from moisture by creating a damp resistant barrier. Made from recycled materials. -ft. Overview. Floor Membrane - 40m². Option 2 – Tanking Membrane, Coating, or Slurry to hold back the groundwater from entering the building. Perma-Seal 8 Clear is a high quality high density polyethylene (HPDE) membrane suitable for use in waterproofing structures below ground level (basements) and isolating damp Walls above ground level. Formulated to provide a uniform finish on a variety of industrial. Rating: 100%. For a neat finish Newton Geostrip should be used to cap the top of the membrane at ground level. Option 3 – A combination of the two for maximum protection. Colour: Black. Permaflex is simple to use, safe for the environment and lasts a lifetime. Installation of exterior waterproofing membranes, insulation,. It is the most effective form of basement waterproofing. Lines Open: 9am - 5pm, Monday - Friday. Damp proof paint for internal walls can reduce the risk of damp resurfacing, acting as a barrier against water. HDPE/Bentonite Sheet Membrane Dual Waterproofing System. 50 to $6. Membranes like our PermaSEAL PRO 20P Green Roof Membrane combine drainage and water storage to help ensure the long term health of your living roof. It is easy to apply and maintain. This is best done by taping a piece of foil to the inside of the foundation wall. These systems are designed to wrap the entire outside of the home with a durable membrane and water diversion system. The CleanSpace ® wall liner is a 12-mil thick reinforced plastic liner that is installed with permanent drilled-in fasteners. Reviews. See All Photos. This means it can effectively deal with high tide marks caused by salts from rising damp. BS 8102:2022 outlines three different waterproofing methods, the choice of which should take all of the relevant project requirements into consideration. PermaSEAL 7 Clear Diagonal Stud Tanking Membrane 40m² & Kit Shop Now. $1,500–$5,000. Damp proof paint for internal walls can reduce the risk of damp resurfacing, acting as a barrier against water. Permagard offers a rapid tanking system to deal with live water leaks in cellars and basements. This is one of the advantages of EDPM roofing, the reduced installation cost. M. The Geodrain membrane is used externally below ground in conjunction with a land drain or french drain to alleviate any water pressure bearing on the structure. SikaProof®, a fully-bonded TPO membrane system, offers customers high waterproofing safety and installation efficiency and is typically used for basements or below-grade areas. The PermaSEAL Floor Membrane has a 20mm stud profile giving a high drainage flow rate of 36,000 litres per hour for each square metre of membrane. Highlights. ADD TO CART. PermaSEAL Fleece Overstrip is a grey geo textile backed one-sided tape. M. It can be installed horizontally, vertically, and on any angle. This Old House general contractor Tom Silva solves soggy basement problems and shows host Kevin O'Connor how to waterproof a basement. Size: PermaSEAL 1 Floor Membrane is guaranteed against deterioration for 30 years, and has a life expectancy of at least 50 years (DIN 9001:2000). Waterproofing refers to treating a surface to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure conditions. 500g/m² Number of studs 2500/m² Compressive strength Approx. Petri-Seal™ adhesive sealing film is a waterproof, chemically resistant sealing tape designed specifically to seal (cover) the petri dishes and multiwell plates, and thus reducing evaporation, and. Final Price: $115. Basic. The liquid membrane spreads over a greater surface area, providing more coverage per application. All the membranes we supply from PermaSEAL, Newton and Platon are of high quality and are expected to last a minimum of 30 years however when fully protected from damage and UV light they can last over 50 years. 27. If you have researched exterior basement waterproofing, you may have learned that a basement wall membrane is an integral part of a typical exterior system. Homeowners typically spend an average of $4,970, or between $2,316 and $7,624, to fully waterproof a basement, crawl space, or foundation. BS 8102:2022 outlines three different waterproofing methods, the choice of which should take all of the relevant project requirements into consideration. Its adhesion is impeccable and the edges are completely. Up to 25m² per 5 litre unit. These are the most recent introduction among innovative basement waterproofing membranes. The membrane itself is strong, hard-wearing and waterproof, and dimples on its surface create an air gap between it and the wall – it is this gap that allows the membrane to deal with any water ingress. The product is also CE marked to the relevant standard. £159. You need to apply two coats of between 1. 14 - $13.