The configuration import / export utility is designed to enable users to make common configuration changes to their XProtect Advanced VMS system in bulk. Viewmenu 105 Actionmenu 105 Toolsmenu 105 Helpmenu 106 Settingoptionsforthesystem 106 Generaltab(options) 107 ServerLogstab(options) 109 MailServertab(options) 110 AVIGenerationtab(options) 111 Networktab(options) 112. At the top right of the license details page, click the Get Initial LIC link. 追跡および監視機能は調査に役立つだけでなく、物や人を仮想的に監視することもできます。. 1. 提供元: Brivo Systems LLC お問い合わせは. Key Features. For Milestone XProtect VMS, the following components of WSC are available for installation. Locate the field <add key="HardwareDecodingMode" value="Auto" />. 2018-03-09. 312 0 1. 1. exe. Milestone. Alarms from Hikvision smart events are seen in the XProtect alarm list. 32 XProtect Pro+ Device Licenses. 1745. # After importing the certificate, allow access to the private key of the certificate for # the service user(s) of the services that must use the certificate. Note: Currently. After installation, XProtect Smart Client opens, and you are ready to use the system. Best practices: Use a domain user to run the installer, the services and IIS pools for XProtect VMS, with the following permissions: KB 1578, local "Administrators" group, and local "IIS_IUSRS" group. If this is the case it is usually found in the full download archive itself. 1. Either login to Windows on the Failover Recording Server computer using the new Windows user, or Shift + right-click on the Recording Server installer and choose Run as different user. Certain settings are server-controlled, in which case, configuration on the server decides whether. 0. You can also trigger the. Milestone Systems announces its latest product update, XProtect 2023 R2, a software upgrade designed to meet the evolving demands of Video Management Software (VMS) users. The plugin supports different kind of views for example a quad view in one camera. 7. If you are using other versions of XProtect connect to "VIDEOOSDB" 2. 5) Windows 2012 R2 64-bit Server - Related Application Entries. User friendly interface and free license plug-in. Depending on. The latest version of Milestone XProtect Go can be installed on PCs running Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10/11, 32-bit. Edit the web. Follow the steps below if the servers are not part. 32 Care Plus for XProtect Pro+ DL. VIVOTEK Deep Search for Milestone XProtect is a video analytics tool that uses deep learning algorithms to provide advanced search capabilities for security and surveillance applications. Our software can monitor large amounts of video feeds simultaneously. 0x; XProtect Professional up to and including v. Install a recording server silently. Milestone XProtect Central provides continuous monitoring of the operational status and event-triggered alarms from Milestone XProtect Corporate and Enterprise servers, video sur-veillance cameras and external devices. Select from the list of available languages and then restart the XProtect Smart Client for the change to take effect. exe. Milestone Dlk Keygen Crack Free Milestone Dlk Keygen Crack Download. exe key: Double-click the Client. XProtect Smart Client is a desktop application designed to help you manage your IP surveillance cameras. To allow XProtect Smart Client operators to use a different key than the key from the Smart Client profile, you must enter the key in the settings in XProtect Smart Client. The Device Pack is a collection of hardware device drivers that Milestone bundles with XProtect software. Reliable. The installer for XProtect Advanced VMS (XProtect® Corporate and XProtect® Expert) continuously rejects the license as being invalid even though both the license and the version are correct. com. If you want your XProtect installation to run as silent as if you select the "Typical" installation option that appears in the user interface, you should run the following from the command line: "Milestone XProtect VMS Products 2021 R2 System Installer. Start exploring products that are all tailored for XProtect. Apr 28, 2019 Milestone Xprotect Essential License Crack; Milestone X Protect Essential; Jan 6, 2016 - Milestone xprotect professional crack. Following the successful 2023 R1 update earlier this year, the R2 release brings significant advancements, featuring Adaptive Playback, Video Restrictions, the. Compare all of Milestone's video management software products, including software, hardware and extensions, as well as services like technical support. Milestone XProtect Professional+ Base License, 32 XProtect Professional+ Device Licenses & 32 Care Plus for XProtect Professional+ Device Licenses (1-Year) B&H # MIXPPPLUSB32. The currently selected certificate can be found, or changed, and encryption can be enabled or disabled by opening Milestone Server Configurator and selecting the Encryption tab. Stop the Recording Server service. 1 Administrator's Getting Started Guide Guide contents5 Guide contents Dear Milestone Customer, With the purchase of XProtect Essential, you have chosen an extremely powerful and intelligent surveillance solution. The number of required Milestone Interconnect camera licenses depends on the number of hardware devices on the remote sites that you want to receive data from. Browsers, operating systems, and mobile devices that host these clients maintain a list of trusted CA root certificates. Management Server. Print a report with your system configuration. With this newest software release, users will have increased tools to drive productivity, collaboration, and scalability. 06. exe. Communicate the benefits of integrating a Milestone Kite solution into XProtect VMS. Select "Offline" and then "Export license for activation". Note (1): The fix has been tested and confirmed to work on XProtect Professional+ 2017 R2 and XProtect Professional+ 2017. Open the window from the application toolbar: Application settings. One of the key challenges to realize the full potential of video surveillance and predictive analytics is the traditional infrastructure used to store and manage data. What is XProtect Go? XProtect Go is a free version of Milestone’s market-leading XProtect IP video management software. zoominonthetimespan. Close the XProtect Smart Client. In the Event text text box, enter the actual text that is to be sent to the XProtect surveillance system when this output event is triggered. Today’s sophisticated video surveillance systems feature more functionality. exe file to apply the hotfix. Key features. , which not only supports the higher resolution of newer network cameras, but also boasts the ability to count thousands of people in seconds through the most recent AI technology for crowd counting. Systemarchitecturedocument|XProtect®VMS2023R2 18|IdentityProvider(explained)1. Milestone ®XProtect Professional 8. See full list on doc. XProtect Expert - purchase a base license for XProtect Smart Wall separately. Import your Licence Request file (. It reflects the essence of. XProtect Transact trial license. Interactive Maps Can Be Linked to Alarms. Describe the key components of a Milestone Kite Video Surveillance as a Service (VSaaS) solution. The Integrated Solution. In this blog, you will gain foundational knowledge about the key systems and components that make up a Milestone XProtect including its network infrastructure, servers, storage, client systems. It allows a Windows computer to act as an IP video camera, sending the contents of its desktop to the XProtect. Close the XProtect Management Client. The path is typically: C:Program Files Milestone XProtect Mobile ServerVideoOS. Select a certificate to encrypt the communication of XProtect Mobile client and XProtect Web Client with the Mobile Server. MOV to AVI. This guide gives you an introduction to encryption and certificates, together with step by step procedures on how to install certificates in a Windows Workgroup environment. Stop the Event Server (use "services. Split view. a. . If there is an existing Client. pkcs12 -export -in <CERT-HOSTNAME>. Restrict administrator permissions Milestone recommends that you limit the number of users that have an Administrator role. Securecommunication(explained) HypertextTransferProtocolSecure(HTTPS)isanextensionoftheHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)forsecure communicationoveracomputernetwork. Locate the file VideoOS. Open the Microsoft Failover Cluster Manager. l Addbookmarkstolivevideosandvideorecordings. This item is nonreturnable. I downloaded the latest version on the milestone website, whenever I get to the point that I should browse to my license key and I try to download the free license key, I get this. The MS-PLUGIN-01 is a software plugin for use with Milestone’s XProtect Video Management System (VMS). Key Features. Value: C:ProgramDataMilestone. This download was scanned by our built-in antivirus and was rated as malware free. View metadata (bounding boxes, alarms, cross lines, zones, trace lines) in the XProtect Smart Client. l. You can use XProtect Smart Client – Player to view video data and archives and to repair corrupted databases. Milestone XProtect Data Collector Server v11. Answer. You can quickly view video from a camera by mapping the camera’s shortcut key to the Select camera action. Re-run the installer. Warning: This will remove all SQL databases, including any used by XProtect and other applications! Next, we'll delete all Milestone related folders and registry keys (you can use a freeware. If you are not registered on the license, the account owner must download the file to. Verify that the account that is running the Milestone XProtect Management Server, Recording Server, or Mobile Server software is in the list of. THIS IS XPROTECT ESSENTIAL+. 7 results - KeyGen is a shortened word for Key Generator. order for the Milestone Software Manager to be able to install or uninstall a product, the relevant Milestone installer file must be uploaded to th e local library of the remote machine(s). Update (20/05/2019): While the theoretical maximum value of the ClientTokenTimoutMinutes is 2147483647 , we do not recommend setting values. Option 2. Learn how to configure and use the XProtect Smart Client, a powerful tool for video surveillance and management. Could you have downloaded 2023 R1. We expect you use Visual Studio 2017, 2019, or 2022. . Milestone Interconnect provides a flexible way to gain central surveillance operation across geographically dis-persed sites. In this course, you deploy the bring-your-own-license (BYOL) version of XProtect on AWS Marketplace in an Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). 15 Nov 2023. From the developer: Milestone XProtect Go is designed for small business installations and video surveillance in private residences. Video-enabled access control with XProtect Access allows admins to: Manage access rights and requests with live video and real-time notifications using XProtect Smart Client and XProtect Mobile. Go to Settings (gear icon in the upper right corner of the window). Whenever a service client calls the web service, the web service sends the server certificate, including the public key, to the client. The public key is installed on the clients of a web service (service clients) by installing a public certificate. Download software. Partner Product Name: Milestone XProtect Corporate Partner Product Version: 2020 R1 version or above of Milestone XProtect VMS Hikvision Product Models and Firmware Versions: Dual-lens people counting camera iDS-2CD6810F/C and iDS-2CD6810F-IV/C Latest Firmware Integration Protocol: HCNetSDK, ISAPI, ONVIF, Other. This helps operators be more efficient, making onboarding. If you are using XProtect® Corporate or Expert, connect to "Surveillance". XProtect VMS to ensure compatibility with XProtect VMS Products as well as the features they offer. With the ability to access video from various locations as well as computers and mobile de-vices, there is an XProtect client to suit all user needs. Most XProtect add-on products require additional license types. Click OK. The given key was not present in the dictionary. We only use it for LPR events, so clearly there is some misconfiguration but at the moment I would like to know how can we empty it so further data can be added. The 30-day trial version is fully functional but has limitations such as supporting fewer. One server—the Milestone Demo server—will always be present. If you are developing a plug-in for the XProtect Smart Client, you should. About this guide. Connect to XProtect on AWS instances and activate XProtect VMS licenses. For your security, sessions automatically end after 15 minutes of inactivity unless you choose to stay logged in. For the purposes of this guide, it is just the Mobile Server we will be dealing with, and all steps are to be performed locally where the Mobile Server is. To restrict access to the web console, Milestone recommends that you use HTTPS and configure basic authentication. * The XProtect Professional VMS products include XProtect Enterprise, XProtect Professional,. The software license file also includes. ⇒ ⇒ Torrent Dragon Medical Practice Edition 11. XProtect. Copy the Key ID. supportable and recommended safe number of cameras based on key metrics defined by Milestone. Compare XProtect. Formoreinformation,seeMobile. Professional tools to power your ideas. Most XProtect extensions require additional license types. config with Notepad. In 2019, Canon released Crowd People Counter for Milestone XProtect Version 1. 2018-03-08. Steps: In XProtect Smart Client, open the Settings window. This Supported Device List provides an overview of the licenses required to connect IP devices to XProtect. Designed exclusively for Milestone XProtect video management software (VMS), AXIS Optimizer is a suite of plugins and features that optimize the usability of cameras from Axis Communications that are running with XProtect. 0) that streamlines design of Axis-Milestone, adds new forensic search capabilities in Smart Client and provides multi-language support in the Management Client. Milestone's XProtect Corporate Base Server License allows you to install and use the features of the XProtect Corporate application. Get support and professional advice from Milestone. XProtect Express 2017 R1 (11. Archiving reduces the required size of the media database volume (disk 1) that hold your. The development framework allows you to seamlessly integrate applications, hardware, cameras, and other devices - all. Tiered administrator and user rights, enforced on the server side, combined with the use of standard IT security procedures, make XProtect VMS the perfect choice for organizations. Easily scale up to thousands of video feeds. exe" --quiet. Download the hotfix. IPView Smart Park/NO Park provides a Smart way to manage public and private parking zones. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Download XProtect® to increase security or streamline your business operations. All plug-in samples have a solution file and are targeting . 3. New XProtect 2023 R3 key features: Onboarding Feature Guide: This built-in feature in the Web Client presents operators with information on how the Web Client is structured. config. ONLY if the above methods are not viable, you can still provide user name and passwords in a plain text startup script, as follows. Management Server. Whether you’re an expert or just starting out, Milestone Developer Forum is the place to find answers, get inspired, stay up-to-date and grow professionally. Select Details to view Windows Certificate Store information about the selected certificate. Features such as bookmarking, evidence lock, desktop notifications, independent playback, and generic 360-degree dewarping are just a few users have at. Select from the list of available languages and then restart the XProtect Smart Client for the change to take effect. Expand to view the Details of the custom request, and click Properties. TLS/SSL uses a pair of keys—one private, one public—to authenticate, secure, and manage secure connections. XProtect ® Essential+ is a full-featured version of Milestone’s market-leading video management software (VMS) at no cost. Alarms from Hikvision smart events are seen in the XProtect alarm list. (1) IP device can be an actual camera, video encoders, NVR/DVR, video services or other types of video/audio devices connected to the VMS’ recording server. The Identity Server generates a new, random password or "secret" and sends that secret back to the client, and persists the information about the client including the ID, secret, and scope (s) to the SQL database. If you are using XProtect® Corporate or Expert, connect to "Surveillance". There are multiple methods to find the Server Configurator utility: Press WIN+S and type Server Configurator. Copy the Key ID. API Gateway features. Receive Hikvision Smart Events (such as temperature alarm and pre-alarm) from the camera and see inside the Milestone event engine. It contains all the features from XProtect Essential, plus loads of new capabilities, like support for third-party applications and business systems. One installer file to install VIVOTEK VCA, Smart Search and Deep Search plugin. The AnyVision VMS Gateway passes that video to AnyVision BT for analysis. The license was issued on the 1 st of February 2015, along with a CarePlus agreement for 3 years. msc"; to stop the Milestone Event Server service) 3. Set up views that show video from 1-100 cameras per monitor or view. for legal reasons): Whether you need to store or further analyze pictures of licence. Key features. 6 may also include a crack, serial number, unlock code, cd key or keygen (key generator). key -certfile SSL_CA_Bundle. </Data> </EventData> </Event> Expand Post. In the latest product update of Milestone System’s XProtect 2022 R2 video management software, Milestone introduces several new features and. XProtect Screen Recorder 2017 R1 - Administrator ManualThe public key is installed on the clients of a web service (service clients) by installing a public certificate. config. a. Settings in XProtect Smart Client. Milestone XProtect 360º Split View dewarps fisheye images from 360-degrees cameras. If your XProtect elements are installed. Receive Hikvision Smart Events (such as temperature alarm and pre-alarm) from the camera and see inside the Milestone event engine. 1. XProtect Professional+ is an ideal solution for mid-sized businesses and institutions like schools, retail franchises and manufacturing facilities. Wireless sensors detect vehicles. Introduction. Navigate to your License Portal and login. Step 8 - Modify connection strings in the Windows registry on the XProtect VMS machine. Go to My Milestone to download XProtect, device packs, and manuals in the version and language you need. 6 may also include a crack, serial number, unlock code, cd key or keygen (key generator). ServiceConfigurationException: Unable to start the service Milestone XProtect Management Server. Unable to install Milestone XProtect VMS Products 2020 R2 - Exit Code 60. 5a (9. Add to Cart. Many downloads like Milestone Xprotect Dlk Generator may also include a crack, serial number, unlock code or keygen (key generator). 0 Administrator's Manual 13 Introductions Introductions Product overview XProtect Corporate XProtect Corporate is a fully distributed solution, designed for large multi-site and multiple server installations requiring 24/7 surveillance, with support for devices from different vendors. Configuration Configuringafterinstallingoncomputer Afterinstalling,itpossibletochangeallXProtectScreenRecorderconfigurations. Install your system - Single computer option. Click Import License. In Milestone XProtect Smart Client, you’re able to customize any keyboard shortcut you want for any particular function. 1. Step 3 - Generate and install your certificate. answer. Designed for Large-Scale Security. Click Next and then select the start and end time for the export in the Playback tab of the player. In the command examples below, the text inside square brackets ([ ]) and the square brackets themselves must be replaced with real values. The Milestone XProtect® Management Server Failover web console allows you to manage the failover cluster from any computer that can reach the failover cluster. 7. Select the database with the start and end times of the cameras to be exported. Event. In the Services console (run services. . Plugin for the Fisheye Camera is the software plugin for Milestone XProtect which can operate dewarping the fisheye image of i-PRO Fisheye Camera. It runs on an Android tablet or smartphone or on an Apple® tablet, smartphone or portable music player. milestonesys. Milestone XProtect 2020 R3 (20. The XProtect BYOL CloudFormation stack includes a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) and the required AWS services to create a cloud-based VMS deployment. Navigate to Roles and select the Generic Service role you have already created. msc"; to stop the Milestone Event Server service) 3. This change to the config file should persist through system updates to new versions. Video technology can help take the pressure off staff and budgets. XProtect Clients Feng Yang 22. 0. 1. Incident. Visit the Milestone Registration Portal and import your . Offline activation: Open your XProtect Management Client. Once these components are integrated and configured, AnyVision BT can detect faces, enabling Milestone XProtect to issue alarms, generate events, and monitor security. XPROTECT ESSENTIAL+とは. Post. The following installer files are supported:3. The XProtect Event Server installer should now have the permissions necessary to create and write to new registry entries under: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWARE and to complete the installation. The private key never leaves your machine except in very rare situations. answers 1. 1. 1. 3a) are released, or when there are new critical hotfixes available (hotfixes that are not included in the cumulative patch). Administration. KEY BENEFITS: Centralized. Settings in XProtect Smart Client. Select the TCP Client Transact Provider and under TCP port properties, set the Host name/address to the IP of the PC running Milestone Cash Register. Milestone ®XProtect Professional 8. Milestone XProtect® Essential 2. Overview Aboutthismanual Thismanualhasguidanceanddescriptionsforsystemadministrators,integrators,andoperatorsusingthe. Always: the stream runs even if no XProtect Smart Client users request the stream; Never: the stream is off. This can be checked by viewing the task bar. This free program was originally produced by Milestone Systems. Come, build with us Milestone XProtect® has an open architecture which allows you to leverage the Milestone Integration Platform (MIP) to customize Milestone XProtect to. Use the same domain user to run all the services, App pools and installations across all your XProtect components (Recording Servers,. Integrate multiple access control systems from multiple vendors into the. Connect to the Recording Server from the Smart. The old software registration method is used in all older XProtect versions including: XProtect Enterprise up to and including v. Configuration ConfiguringXProtectSmartWall YoucanconfigureanynumberofSmartWalldefinitions. With support for the widest choice in network hardware and integration with other systems, XProtect provides best-in-class solutions to video enable organizations— managing risks,June 20, 2023. Mobile mp4. Third-party integrations such as access control and people counting analytics further optimize resources. The installer for XProtect Advanced VMS (XProtect® Corporate and XProtect® Expert) continuously rejects the license as being invalid even though both the license and the version are correct. l XProtectDLNAServer l SitesthatretrievedatastreamsfromtherecordingserverthroughMilestoneInterconnect l Third-partyMIPSDKintegrationsthatsupportHTTPS. Designed by Milestone, XProtect clients work with all XProtect VMS products*. It is required that this certificate be trusted on all. Store the keys in a secure location. This powerful solution gives you instant overview of. Finally, click Export and select your required settings and try the export. lrq file using the ‘Upload Licence Request’. 1000 + Crack Keygen/Serial Date added: Jan 2018. lrq). Configure CloudFormation stack parameters to initialize XProtect on AWS. In the bottom half of this window, click the Resources tab. Self return can only be used when the image type is Quad PTZ or Single PTZ. These are the changes to the document: • Added Two-step verification for Milestone Mobile (see "Set up users for two-step verification via email" on page 49) • Storage and Recording Settings properties (on page 47)Furthermore, XProtect Go features a very comprehensive built-in help system: When you have installed XProtect Go, simply use the Management Application’s Help menu or press F1 on your keyboard to access the help system. This allows. XProtect Corporate; Upvote; Answer; Share; 2 answers;Cumulative patch for 2018 R3 (12. Milestone Systems XProtect® VMS 2018 R1 Getting Started Guide - Single Computer Installation XProtect Corporate XProtect Expert XProtect Professional+ XProtect Express+Before you start installation. The following describes how to install the plug-in: 1. 3a build 9446 were installed, along with The XProtect Management Client (2018 R3. and Milestone XProtect® video management software are installed, configured, and able to communicate with one another. 更新日:2022年6月16日. g. Step 5 & 6 - Enable authentication on the SQL and create a user with appropriate rights. Example: instead of "[path]" you could enter "d:program files", d: ecord, or etwork‑storage‑02. InManagementClient>RulesandEvents>Webhooks,right-clickWebhooksandselectAddNew… 2. CCTV and analog equipment prevailed, and black-and-white footage was the norm. If you are following the instructions, the Cash Register. Application settings let you customize the general behavior and look of your XProtect Smart Client. Notes: - In the Smart Client 2020 R3 and newer, the logging is enabled in the config file (described below). Contact company. IP Video Management Software. This is done from Windows Control panel → Add or remove programs. Milestone XProtect enables organizations of any size to build data-driven and future-proof video technology solutions. Cross-domain support — configure different systems in one place. 1 Administrator's Manual 12 Introduction Name Description XProtect ® Smart Client Designed for Milestone XProtect surveillance systems, the XProtect Smart Client is a powerful, easy-to-use client application for the daily operations of security installations. C:Program FilesMilestoneXProtect Event ServerVideoOS. ('GTI') or our television stations (“Stations. 32-Channel Expansion Bosch VMS License for the DIVAR IP all-in-one 5000 Management Solution; Milestone Systems announces release of XProtect 2023 R3 to boost efficiency, collaboration and system control. If you need to create multiple Administrator roles, you can restrict. MilestoneOpenNetworkBridge 20 Systemcommunicationanddataflow 22 Servercommunication 22 LoginfromXProtectSmartClient 23 Livevideoandaudio 24 Livevideomulticasting 25. Push-to-talk(explained) 34 Directstreaming(explained) 35 Adaptivestreaming(explained) 36 Operation 37 LogintotheXProtectMobileapp 37 Viewinglivevideo 39 Bookmarks. Only the authority knows its private key, but everyone knows its public key, which is similar to any particular certificate. 1 Administrator's Manual 12 Introduction Name Description XProtect ® Smart Client Designed for Milestone XProtect surveillance systems, the XProtect Smart Client is a powerful, easy-to-use client application for the daily operations of security installations. When ready, click the link representing the SLC. When the 30 days trial period expires, all XProtect Transact features are deactivated, including the Transact. XProtect Smart Client (explained). json file in the installation path of the Identity Provider ([Install path] Milestone XProtect Management Server IIS Identity Provider). With the power of AWS, you can create the infrastructure that supports your XProtect VMS in minutes. 0. Product overview. . Update (26/06/2019): Also you can check KB 16329 ("Milestone Mobile and self-signed certificates (white paper)"), which deals with an important change made in Milestone Mobile 2019 R2. February 3, 2020. This document applies to XProtect VMS versions 2017 R2 and before. Management Client, you must provide a license key that matches the selected MAC address. 4. このPDFは、Milestone XProtect VMS製品の証明書に関するガイドです。証明書の種類、作成方法、配布方法、インストール方法などについて説明しています。Milestoneの認定テストやモバイルサーバーとの通信に必要な証明書の知識を深めたい方は、ぜひご覧ください。The number of required Milestone Interconnect camera licenses depends on the number of hardware devices on the remote sites that you want to receive data from. XProtect archiving. The client must be able to: Resolve the Recording Server's DNS hostname. First, from the Control Panel → "Uninstall a Program", uninstall all programs that include Milestone, XProtect, or (Microsoft) SQL in their name. 0 Administrator's Manual 14 Introductions Introductions Product Overview, XProtect Corporate XProtect Corporate is a fully distributed solution, designed for large multi-site and multiple server installations requiring 24/7 surveillance, with support for devices from different vendors. Whether you want to protect your store from vandalism or you want to manage a multi-site, high security installation, XProtect makes it possible. The Milestone team will then generate the relevant V2C with the requested modification(s). Update (26/06/2019): Also you can check KB 16329 ("Milestone Mobile and self-signed certificates (white paper)"), which deals with an important change made in Milestone Mobile 2019 R2.