It must be noted that, in formula , the voltage equations of rotor side are the loop voltage equations; nevertheless, the. μs 一 relative permeability of the magnetic core. Area = cross-sectional area of CT pipe wall. Once the results are obtained from this calculator, the coil can be easily modelled as a Laplace load within any EZNEC antenna model. By minimizing the metal resistance, a. You wanted to know the field strength adjacent to the coil. 961. Inductance is the property of the coil and tells how good the coil can store magnetic energy. Cite. Coil connections are such that both will try to set up a current in the same direction in the external circuit. Weaver’s article Numerical Methods for Inductance Calculation is used for calculations of. The following formula from R. Applicable Load InertiaSolution: To create a custom thread: Use the Coil command to create threads manually: Draw a coil with the desired settings, height, and pitch for example. Smax = maximum gradient. , 2011). Learn More. C, spring index: C = D/d. The unit is kg·m2. The flow of heat into or out of the liquid, involves unsteady or transient heat transfer. 00625 in = 0. Insert the number of turns in the coil, N = 15 . If the coil pitch is equal to the pole pitch, then it is called a full pitch coil. m = multiplicity factor. For most alternators, the stator acts as the armature. For example, if there are 36 slots and 4 poles, then the coil pitch is 36/4 = 9 slots. For a spring with recommended wire diameters, the t pitch between spring threads in free state should be within the 0. These emfs must have same wave shape and be displaced by 1200 to each. Three different winding topologies, obtained by changing the coil pitch, namely integer-slot distributed winding. 3. To calculate the spring pitch, subtract 3 times the diameter from the length, then divide by the. The coils are winded according to the size of the pitch. Coil it tight to remove spaces or gaps between the wires. Loop Inductance Calculator. 28 (length per coil)Download these Free Coil Span or Coil Pitch MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like Banking, SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC. Only the amendment to the resulting inductance is added: where: ΔL is the amendment to the inductance of the close-winding coil (always negative) (µH) N - number of turnsPitch α refers to the angular displacement between sides of the coil, expressed in electrical radians. 1^3=1. Closed and Ground. This describes the fact that a winding may consist of a number of coils, each linking flux slightly out of phase with the others. the equivalent integral-slot full pole-pitch winding (with one slot per pole phase and the same number of turns as the actual winding). If coil is full pitch coil, the induced e. pole pitch: [noun] the distance measured on the circumference of the armature from the center of one pole to the center of the next pole : 180 electrical degrees — compare coil, pitch 2b(5). of poles On-chip spiral inductors with variable line width layouts are known for their high quality factor (Q-factor). E =. The following formula is used to calculate the Spring Pitch. Enter the coil length (distance from first to last winding - see diagram). Now the ratio of the vector sum to the arithmetic sum of the induced e. This is a very useful result for strange-shaped coils. Main Stator: Coils and Slots • The number of turns and cross section are specific to each frame size, slot combination or design, and voltage. The formula is composed of a pattern’s metal thickness, single pattern width, total pattern width, and turn number, and is effective in the megahertz (MHz) frequency range. 2. 4 pole = 90º. Part 2 – Inductance Calculation Refinements. EC = EC1 +EC2 𝑬 𝑪 = 𝑬 𝑪 𝟏 + 𝑬 𝑪 𝟐 Since EC1 𝐸 𝐶 1 and EC2 𝐸 𝐶 2 are in phase, the resultant coil voltage is equal to their arithmetic sum ( Refer the figure of full-pitch coil ). The distance between the two sides of an individual coil of and AC armature winding id termed the coil pitch. To do this, leave the Winding Pitch/Coil Length field blank or set to zero, and enter the overall wire diameter into the d i field. 5, this gives. The following equation is used to calculate the Spiral Length. Lip of the slot is taken 1. pitch factor or coil. M. This operation sets the spring to the required final free length. 0, 1. SL = 3. For a full- pitch coil ( alpha=pi). 14159 ∗N ∗ (OD + I D)/2. If you're making a coil for an atomizer where both the coil legs point in the same direction,. We are very sorry but it seems like there is no specific formula for this. The values provided above are inserted into the equation below and computed. Height (H). 4 mm (i. Important points: Back pitch Y B the distance between the top and bottom coil sides of a coil measured around the back of armature is called back pitch. Weaver’s article Numerical Methods for Inductance Calculation is used for calculations of inductance L S: where. 1] and the type of material [1. Fractional pitch coils are used to improve the performance of the machine by reducing harmonic distortion in the voltage waveform. For Wave winding, Y = yb + yf. This article unifies the vector torque control of reluctance motor with different coil pitch in the classic vector model frameworks, including the typical switched reluctance motor (SRM), mutually coupled SRM (MCSRM), synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), etc. ; 1 full pitch = 180° It is denoted by K p and its value is always less than unity. The trapezoidal permanent magnets are placed on the two rotor surfaces and the non-overlapping concentrated winding coils in the stator are held together using the epoxy resin composite material. (1 – 0. Below C = 5 the spring will be difficult to make because of the large diameter. First, determine the outer diameter. Yielding induces residual stresses opposite in direction to thoseHey Aspirants. A SIMPLE explanation of Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding. R1 = Ri + aq1 (5) R2 = Ri + aq2 (6) q1 and q2 are the angle of revolution of the original and its fictitious spiral coil, respectively. The value N a is the number of active coils and N t is the total number of coils. L = (Dc × N)² / (18 × Dc + 40 × Lw). So, a discrete coil ends on the 2 nd commutator down from where it ongoing, and Yc=+-2. Please note all results and spring functionality are for design purposes only and are not guaranteed accurate. 1416, r is the coil radius, and p is the pitch. Weaver’s article Numerical Methods for Inductance Calculation is used for calculations of. You do so by subtracting the amount of wires in the closed coils from the free length and then dividing the result by the active coils. Electronics 2022, 11, 750 3 of 10 The radius of the curvature (outer radius) of the original R1 and its fictitious spiral coil R2 are shown in Equations (5) and (6). What is the CT ratio. It is the separation between consecutive sides of a coil or consecutive bottom sides of a coil and is represented by (Yw). Back pitch should be either lesser than or greater than front pitch by 2m, where m is the multiplicity of the winding. Here, e = E 1 = E 2 = E coil and, if N is the number of active coils, izDN equals the length of wire, closely enough for practical uses. The DNA can coil up into a "supercoil" topology and maintain the desired twist value (10. You can investigate three-phase integer-slot, fractional-slot and concentrated windings, both with single and double winding layers where appropriate. 050 T) = 2. Add downspouts. Y b = (2S / P) +1. For example, if there are 36 slots and 4 poles, then the coil pitch is 36/4 = 9 slots. The procedure consists of these basic operations: 1. Calculator. m. machine has a large number of coils in slots in the armature and the distance between opposite sides of the coil is as near to a pole pitch as possible (Fig. see the "P" dimension in the image on the right. Pitch Factor is calculated by dividing the coil throw (–) 1 (coil span), by the number of slots per pole. In the performance of. 1) Winding Will be done in a single slot. The pitch factor k p and the distribution factor k d can be calculated from the following formulae: Where, α is the slot angle and m is the number of slots per pole per phase. A helix ( / ˈhiːlɪks /; pl. During the formula’s design, the resistance, self-inductance,. The Coil Length Calculator is invaluable for engineers and designers when creating coils for various applications, including inductors in electronic circuits, electromagnets, and transformers. In this way, considering empty slots or unwound coils, the first condition of winding symmetry expressed by Equation (4) is always satisfied. There are different views regarding the pitch of coil springs. Y f = (2S / P) -1. 0165T. An advanced analytical spring model is proposed in this study to address the non-linear effects of variable coil diameter, spring pitch and coil contact that. The one method that is given in both papers isFront Pitch. Previously, all of these dimensions were measured from centre to centre of the applicable conductors (as shown in the diagram below). One-layer coil with a winding pitch, with a round wire wound on a polygonal former; In all cases the one-layer inductance coil is calculated as the single layer RF coil with an arbitrary winding pitch. Calculate the coil pitches and indicate the slots into which the first coils should be placed for the following armature windings: (a) 36 slots, 4 poles; (b) 57 slots, four poles; (c) 76 slots, 6 poles; (d) 132 slots, 8 poles; (e) 270 slots, 10 poles. (1 – 0. An easy and Faster way to layout calculate length. You can read more. H ewb. In relation to pitch and length, calculate the number of turns that are required to make the helix 120 mm long if the pitch of a helical structure is 10 mm. m = multiplicity factor. It may even be found by applying Fleming’s Right-hand Rule. The traditional spring formula is only effective for analyzing helical springs with linear geometric properties like constant coil diameter, unchanged spring pitch and no coil contact. In a short pitch coil, the coil span will be (180 - α)° electrical (α = angle by which coils. 9659. 50” • For 1/2" tube coils, fins are available in increments of 1. For lap winding, Y = yb – yf. Watch to understandPole Pitch, Full Pitch Coil, Short Pitch Coil, Coil span, Mechanical & Electrical DegreeThere are many people who want to. I got this motor at my university. In [6], [7], [8] and [9] the authors present the results of experimental study on natural. • So coil span is 16/4 = 4. 10. Using the examples in 1 through 3 above: Pitch Factor = 1 to 9 throw (-) 1 8 48. It is expressed in terms of electrical space degree. The Length of a Helix calculator computes the linear length of a spiral or helix where the helix is pulled into a straight line. through formula nes = N 2 mbnwcc n lay, (6) where bnwccis the largest integer less than or equal to nwc. L−HSThe pitch factor is seen to be: ( k_{p n}=sin frac{n alpha}{2}) Now for breadth factor. Since these terminals are in series, the voltages add up. ᴫ 2. where m = 1, 2, 3 respectively for simplex, duplex, triplex lap winding. diameter is calculated according to the formula D = 2(r + Nd), and the number of the turns is chosen so that D max ≤ D. while using the formula provided in an Excel spreadsheet gives a result of 982uH. 2. Helix Angle [clarification needed]. The smaller the value is, the quicker the response is. Given parameters: P = 16, slots = 144 , Z = 10 conductors per slot, Φ = 0. An alternator having 10-poles, 3-phase, and 60 Hz has 8 conductors per slot in single layer arrangement with 4 slots/pole/phase. (iii) All coils have the same pitch. Though the formulas . 3] Select the corresponding standard [1. 75 inch or 1. The measured voltage in its secondary is 1 volt. 1 Å compared to the reflection at 5. where: SP is the spring pitch in. The coil pitch was determined to be two times the wire. What is difference between pole pitch and coil pitch? It is the angular distance between two sides of a coil, measured in terms of armature slots. Understand what Full Pitch and Short Pitch Windings are, and what Coil Span is. Additionally, is the slot number while p is the rotor pole pair number. This is where spring index and space between the coils (pitch) comes in. The formula for total number of spins is (Turns per volts * voltage). f. The wire diameter is provided as: 3. The pitch angle and pitch can vary along the helix. You can easily derive a more accurate formula by using the Pythagorean theorem. ) Thus, when the coils have current flowing in them, they behave as. Spring Pitch Formula. The spring pitch is the distance between adjacent coils of a spring and is typically measured in inches per coil. (iv) Coil-sides are inserted into slots in a single or double layer. 2. So, if this is one-fifth the number of turns in the secondary coil, then in order for the relationship to hold true, the secondary coil must have 500 turns. if the winding would have been in one slot. The Slot pitch at gap surface for open slots lies between 15 to 25 mm. The total length of the wire used to create the coil. Calculate the pitch (and therefore coils per inch) and the spring index. 10 mm wide bobbin, 100 turns of 0. To obtain The following formula from R. 038) ÷ 4 = pP = number of Poles. The phase belt is defined as the group of adjacent coil-sidesVariable pitch springs are springs that do not have constant coil spacing. In this paper, a simplified method for the calculation of a mutual inductance of the planar spiral coil, motivated from the Archimedean spiral, is presented. pitch factor or coil. K = ZP/2πA = constant of the DC machine. The fractional-pitch coil is also known as chorded coil. So actual coil span is less than 180°. In dc machines, the slot pitch usually lies between 25 to 35 mm. The pitch factor or coil span factor n th harmonics is. • Pitch = (span -1) × the number of rotor poles / total # of slots. (2) 𝑘 𝑐 𝑛 = c o s 𝑛 α 2. The phase belt is defined as the group of adjacent coil-sides belonging to a phase, as shown in Fig. 8. 2. Inductance. The total number of spring coils is equal to the active coils in the spring. The standard is about ¼ inch per 10 feet. machine are alternately north and south and their shape is described as being of salient-pole construction. • Winding pitch is the coil span divided by the pole. Pitch Factor is calculated by dividing the coil throw (–) 1 (coil span), by the number of slots per pole. Our easy-to-use calculator makes quick work of estimates. The two sides of a coil are placed in two slots on the stator surface. The Pitch of coil spring formula is defined as the axial distance between adjacent coils in uncompressed state of spring and is represented as p = L f /(N t-1) or Pitch of Coil Spring = Free Length of Spring /(Total Number of Coils-1). 5 then round down to nearest inch Average wrap of coil is 78” long Then 30-20=10/2=5 5” is the thickness of coil 5/ thickness of steel . The piping from the cooling coil to the condensate pump reservoir should be installed with min imum 1/8-in ch slope to enable. I need to find the number of turns and the wire's diameter. Learn MoreCalculator. m. It should be noted that the main harmonic order of MMF is , which interacts with permanent-magnet flux linkage to product average torque. where k is the size parameter, which equals to change of distance when the angle is rotated by 1 radian. Pp=360/p. Hence, the pitch factor or the coil span factor for the n th harmonic is given by, kcn = cos nα 2. If the span of the coil is reduced by an angle of electrical, then the coil span will be (180 − α) electrical degrees. Since the first time publishing the Euler solution by Eytelwein (1808) in his Handbuch der Statik fester Körper in 1808 the problem is spread through practical applications and became known as Euler-Eytelwein problem in standard books of technical mechanics see e. e. K p = Cos (nε/2) Winding Factor. A stator winding using fractional pitch coil is called as a chorded winding. It should be noted that this value is not the same as the length of the gap between the coils; it is larger since it also includes the radii of the two adjacent coils. Enter the scientific value in exponent format, for example if you have value as 0. 02 m) = 25CHAPTER 14. The emf or voltage will be induced in the armature winding in the case of a generator, while it produces torque to rotate the shaft in the case of a motor. The coil pitch or back pitch must be approximately equal to the pole pitch. A coil is said to be fully pitched when the coil span is made equal to the pole pitch of the machine. For example, if the large coil diameter equals 1. It is always less than unity (K c < 1). Be sure. (See demonstration 68. Wind the new copper wire as a coil using the same gauge as the wire already on the stator. A voice coil motor is a simple and linear electromagnetic actuator. ; Coil Span: It is the angular distance between the two sides of the coil. The inductance of a wire loop is a common textbook example of a circuit with inductance. of turns 25. Learn what terms like Pole Pitch, Coil Span, Commutator Pitch, Back Pitch, Front Pitch, and Resultant Pitch mean. Within the spring design, wire diameter, number of coils, and spring free length L0 are designed for a specific load, material and assembly dimensions, or spring diameter. Fine-tuning the compression stiffness of a coil by changing the pitch simply cannot be achieved by the way described in White et al 1 because the pitch did not appear in their definition of. Regarding how to calculate the pitch angles of the conical coil springs, I think that the calculation formula for springs with coils in closed-contact or not can be the same. ; It can also be defined as the ratio of the vector sum of induced emf per coil to the arithmetic sum of. 4×10 4. So say all other aspects of the spring remain constant - coil pitch, inner outer and mean diameter, modulus of rigidity, elasticity, material, etc. A coil having a span equal to 180⁰ electrical is called a full pitch coil as shown in the figure below: A coil having a span less than 180⁰ electrical is called a short pitch coil or fractional pitch coil. Winding factor also applies to other electric machines, but this article focuses on. (You still need to enter the conductor diameter. For a coil, that is short-pitched by α electrical degrees, the resultant induced emf E R is the phasor sum of two voltages α electrical degrees. Y b = (2S / P) + 1. Here, e = E 1 = E 2 = Ecoil and, if N is the number of active coils, izDN equals the length of wire, closely enough for practical uses. The winding factor is often expressed as. In a full pitch coil, the coil span will be 180° electrical (equal to pole pitch). 02 Wb, sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 rpm. The coil pitch of such distributed windings is normally at least three slots which brings about a high winding resistance and occupies much space for the end windings. This formula calculates the total length of wire in the coil, taking into account the number of turns, coil diameter, pitch, and coil height. u. 4 mm) are selected for the studies. 250 - 84) Thickness (0. What is the Pitch of Coil. A regular winding will have a number (say m) coil elements, separated by electrical angle ( gamma). Pitch Factor or Coil Span Factor is defined as the ratio of EMF generated in the short-pitch coil to the EMF generated in the Whefull-pitch coil. Formula: Y R = Y b - Y f = ± 2m. CT Ratio = V p /V s. 707, 0. The Pitch of coil spring formula is defined as the axial distance between adjacent coils in uncompressed state of spring and is represented as p = L f /(N t-1) or Pitch of Coil Spring = Free Length of Spring /(Total Number of Coils-1). Assume the coil as full pitched. Let the angle α be the angle of inclination of the helix with any plane perpendicular to the axis of the coil (pitch angle, lead angle). This calculator computes all parameters ( spring rate, maximum load, maximum stress, solid height, coil pitch, coil angle, wire length, resonant frequency, shear modulus, and spring mass) related to a compression spring from basic geometry and material data input . Pole pitchis defined as the peripheral distance between the center of two adjacent poles in a DC machine. 7 times the inner coil diameter. 6. Design of stator winding: Stator winding is made up of former wound coils of high conductivity copper of diamond shape. 17 µH; and for 18 gauge wire it’s 1. Pole Pitch, Coil Span, Back Pitch, Front Pitch, Commutator Pitch in Armature Winding of DC Machines are explained in this video. Therefore, the pitch should be 0. The Pitch ensures that windings do not touch each other and thus give room to be pressed. A solar heater is made like a coil with 20 mm pipe inside a 1 m x 1 m window frame. Irrespective the of poles at machine pole pitch is has value of one eighty degree. For a short pitched coil, the emfs need to be vectorially added. what is coil pitch or coil span. Coil pitch (s) is normally 2–4 times the wire diameter (d). 59 m1. 61 m. predefined initial radius and coil pitch. Common applications are screws, helical gears, and worm gears. In simple words for n-plex lap windings, the value of commutator pitch Yc is given as. 3 wraps = 14,999. The formula for finding Distribution factor is, Note that, Distribution factor is always less than unity. The c. Coil pitch or coil span is defined as the angular distance between the two coil sides of one coil. Enter the coil spacing or pitch, S = 0. You can calculate: Know OD, ID and Width of a Coil, want to estimate the WEIGHT of Coil. Let us consider, the coil has a pitch short by an angle α electrical degrees from the full pitch. Use a coil as a guide to apply the custom profile and sweep it along the 3D geometry. This type of coiling design offers a number of advantages, and a wide range of products depend on variable pitch springs to deliver optimal performance. This calculator computes all parameters ( spring rate, maximum load, maximum stress, solid height, coil pitch, coil angle, wire length, resonant frequency, shear modulus, and spring mass) related to a. You can refere standard reference input image shown in this calculator for your better understanding to this angle value. The figure below shows the voltage polygon of the induced voltages in the four coils of a group (m = 4) The voltages E C1, E C2, E C3, and E C4 are represented by the phasors AB, BC, CD, and DF respectively. Based on the proposed vector model, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque of. For 5/8 inch tubes, the triangular pitch is 1. Number of Coils. These are refered to as MASTER coils. In a coil, copper tubes are arranged parallel to one another, either in staggered pattern or non-staggered pattern, along the length L of the coil. Using the examples in 1 through 3 above: Pitch Factor = 1 to 9 throw (-) 1 8 48 Slots ÷ 4 Poles = 12 Pitch Factor = 2/3 COIL PITCH IN AN AC ARMATURE WINDING AS Coil pitch or coil span is defined as the angular distance between the two coil sides of one coil. A single-layer inductor is shown in the picture above: D c is the coil diameter, D is the coil former diameter, l is the coil length, p is the coil pitch, d is the wire without insulation diameter and d i is the wire with insulation diameter. Counting them is easy enough – every rotation of 360 degrees equals one coil (90 degrees = ¼ coil, 180 degrees = ½ coil). Since E E → is tangent to the coil, ∮E ⋅ dl = ∮ Edl = 2πrE. The factor of sqrt 3 3 is needed to convert between the system's phase current and line current. 1 m due to the bending limits of the pipe. . The weld strength formula for single butt joint welding is: P = t l sigma_mathrm {t} P = tlσt. It is denoted by Y. 2 mm wire = two layers of wire = 0. Therefore, for a square pitch (as if flow is parallel to the axis of the heat exchanger): [1] 2 PT π 2 o o T e d d P D π) 4. 5 mm thickness. GO. We have. 29 degree. EXAMPLE: Calculate the pitch factor for a alternator winding with 36 slots, 4. The only problem with this type of winding is that its coil cost will be more than other types of winding. Heat transfer area available 5. 303K views 6 years ago. Spring Pitch Formula. 0 mm thickness. Once the results are obtained from this calculator, the coil can be easily modelled as a Laplace load within any EZNEC antenna model. Where d o is the coil's pipe external diameter. 5. The coil pitch is fixed at the slot pitch; this winding is called concentrated winding. The downward flow isConcentrated Winding. Calculations are typically done using the formula: Heating Coil Capacity (BTU/hr) = Flow Rate (GPM) x Temperature Rise (°F) x 500, with. The winding factor is often expressed as the product of three factors: the pitch factor (also called chording or coil-span factor), the distribution factor (also called breadth, spread or zone The calculation results of , , , , and for both double-layer windings with a constant coil pitch and single-layer windings with a constant odd coil pitch are all shown in Tables 9 and 10. The pitch can generally be estimated using the following simplified formula. Next, determine the wire diameter. Before getting into the detailed study, learn the. the equivalent integral-slot full pole-pitch winding (with one slot per pole phase and the same number of turns as the actual winding). The total length of the wire used to create the coil. Lap and Wave winding are expl. It starts calculating the. A = number of parallel paths. The right-handed helix (cos t, sin t, t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π with arrowheads showing direction of increasing t. 5D or smaller. For example, if there are 36 slots and 4 poles, then the coil pitch is 36/4 = 9 slots. If the coil span is equal to the Pole pitch then it is called a full pitch coil. of polesNo. The winding pitch of a generator is the number of slots spanned by each coil in the stator winding divided by the number of slots per pole. In this equation, the C is the no of coils on rotor and P is no of poles. Post Reply Tell a Friend (must be. Therefore, the height (H) to the n (th) coil measured from the maximum coil diameter under no load can be expressed by the following formula when the pitch angle (α) is small. The angle of the spring coil relativeto the mounting. The equation gives average pitch of the winding. The double integral of Neumann’s formula is. The pitch factor of the coil at the nth harmonic frequency can be expressed as 1. The formula is applied to calculate the ohmic resistance of helical and spiral coils and is verified by a 2-D finite-element-method. kd = Vector sum of the voltage in two sides of a coil / Arithmetic sum of the voltages in two sides of a coil. Coil span factor. 912. Ends may be ground to decrease the solid height of the spring and/or to help the spring stand up straight. If the coil pitch is one pole pitch, it is called the Full Pitch Coil. The number of parallel paths equal to the number of. In determining the total number of coils in the spring, the. This type of coiling design offers a number of advantages, and a wide range of products depend on variable pitch springs to deliver optimal. f. pole pitch5. Wahl). Steam heating coil sizing involves determining the required heat output in BTU/hr based on factors like steam pressure (PSIG), fluid flow rate (GPM), and desired temperature rise (°F). The angle \(\alpha = \alpha (\theta )\) designates the inclination of the helix with any plane perpendicular to the axis of the coil (pitch angle, lead angle). The heating and cooling media can flow through a coil immersed. In this paper, a new method to calculate the self-inductance of the Archimedean spiral coil is presented. It is also called a chorded coil. 14=78. Spring Design Results. It is equal to the number difference of the conductor connected to a given segment of the commutator and is represented as Y F = ((2* n slot )/ P )-1 or Front. In case of a full-pitch coil, the two coil sides span a distance exactly equal to the pole. The Coil Span Factor or Pitch Factor K C is defined as the ratio of the voltage generated in the short pitch coil to the voltage generated in the full pitch coil. With the formula you calculate only approximately the inductance of the long coil. Increase the ratio value to increase the pitch in a coiled tube. L 0 = Free Length (m) L s = Solid Length (m) n t = Total number of coils n = Number of active coils p = pitch (m). 3 D ≤ t ≤ 0. A SIMPLE explanation of Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding.