A similar construction is present in the American pitcher plants of the Sarraceniaceae: Darlingtonia californica Torr. Reaching a height of about 20 cm (8 inches), the Western Australian pitcher plant is a small perennial herb with numerous underground rhizomes. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew, Tupaia montana, in which the. Nepenthes macrophylla was once thought to be a subspecies of N. f. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size Lijin Chin1, Jonathan A. three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. , Sarracenia minor Walt. 1469-8137. pone. Moran2 and Charles Clarke1 School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; 2School of Environment andCarnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes have gained considerable attention during last few years. At first view, carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes seem to be highly unlikely candidates for mutualistic interactions with animals, as they form dimorphic terrestrial and aerial pitchers that trap arthropods and small vertebrates. Nepenthes pitcher plants are typically carnivorous,. The Root Of Plant Potential. New Phytologist 186: 461–470. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo). These plants have consumed frogs, birds, and even rats. The giant montane pitcher plant is the world’s largest carnivorous plant, growing to a height of 41 centimetres and a capacity for holding 3. Nepenthes khasiana, an endangered pitcher plant endemic to Meghalaya and southern Assam, India seems to develop a pitcher for trapping small animals as their prey to supplement the nutrient deficiency which occurs in the soil. and N. Nepenthes is the largest genus of pitcher plants, with its center of diversity in SE Asia. L. This plant has urn-shaped traps that can grow to 41 centimeters tall and a pitcher that can hold 3. montana outside pitchers, closed diamonds: mean R. 1995. Flowers are the reproductive organ only of flowering plants (Angiosperms). The petals of a flower are often brightly colored and scented to attract insects and other pollinators. Nepenthes rafflesiana was found to trap a broader prey spectrum than that previously described for any Nepenthes species, with the upper pitchers attracting and trapping a greater quantity and diversity of prey items than the lower pitchers. A carnivorous plant expert has tested whether Venus flytraps can consume human flesh. 5 fl oz) of digestive fluid. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. Sarracenia minor Okefenokee Giant Strain (Okefenokee Giant Pitcher Plant) This is the highly sought after form of Sarracenia. You're currently viewing our message boards as a guest which gives you limited access to participate in discussions and access our other features such as our wiki and photo gallery. Yes, a pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant. …genus includes the critically endangered Attenborough’s pitcher plant (N. f. To evaluate the value of this mutualism, we conducted a series of field and glasshouse. 0. It’s big enough to trap rats – though it doesn’t do it very often. 2011. New Phytol. body size. New Phytol 186:461–470. Pitcher plants thrive in temperatures ranging from 20 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and they can even withstand freezes and temperatures of up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit for a short. L. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. 1997. 5 liters of water (118. ,. , 2011). rajah) is one of the most unusual and fascinating plants on the planet. With a pitcher capable of holding 3. Citation 1 was even included into the Top 10 new species. The topic is also known as: Pitcher plant. 3 fl oz) of water or 2. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo, which is the largest meat-eating plant in the world, prefers to eat small animal poo. M. Animal deaths are thought to be caused. Moran2 and Charles Clarke1 School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; 2School of Environment andTrap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Not all of these are suitable for outdoor. by Elizabeth Fitt on 17 June 2020. The venus flytrap is one of the best-known carnivorous plants, but it is far from the only one. By joining our community, you'll have access. org forums. The family is composed of six genera: Sarracenia, Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Nepenthes, Cephalotus, and Triphora. Carnivorous plants produce digestive enzymes that dissolve their prey into a nutritious bug stew in the form of digestive enzymes. baluensis and N. Melinda Greenwood1, Charles Clarke2, Ch’ien C. The only place on the Philippine island where the species is found is in the Tamboron range on Mt. Giant mountain fishtail palm (Caryota maxima), heavy laden with fruits. Pollen is needed for plants to. Three species of Nepenthes pitcher plants from Borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews, the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources. Scanning electron micrograph of a pitcher's inner surface Pitcher plants growing in a bog in Pennsylvania. 5 litres (118. Ocean County College. This plant has a pitcher in the leaf apex (Clarke and Moran 2015;Dančák et al. You must be logged in to post a comment. vertebrates, as well as small mammals, have been discovered to have digestive fluid in their bodies. raja pitcher awaits its fill. Catch the latest on promotions, new products and sales. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew, Tupaia montana, in which the treeshrew defecates into the. Hypothesis: Pitchers have adaptations that match the shape and body size of small woolly bats. Most tropical pitcher plants grow in the upper canopy of the rainforest and prefer very bright light,. macrophylla, produce modified pitchers that ‘capture’ tree shrew faeces for nutritional benefit. Adhesive traps are used to lure insects and other small prey with sticky droplets that resemble nectar or dewdrops. in New Phytologist ( 2010 ) , a ) aspects of pitcher morphology were found to be related to the anatomy of shrewsSarracenia purpurea, the purple pitcher plant, northern pitcher plant, turtle socks, or side-saddle flower, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. 2022; Bauer et al. Many carnivorous plants have leaves that are modified to trap insects or other small animals. The pitchers are composed of several functional zones: (1) an attraction zone with lid and peristome; (2) a conductive, waxy zone; and (3) an absorption zone with digestive. Old World pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp. Ernst HAECKEL Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Plate 62 Colorful Antique Illustration 11x14 Vintage Botanical Wall Art Print Large Wall Decor LP0101 (1k) $ 14. The plant grows in lower to middle altitude ranges of 310 to 1,530 meters above sea level. gracilis, N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size Lijin Chin1, Jonathan A. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening as insect-alluring devices. rajah and N. montana. 2011; 6:e21114. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew's body. lowii, N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytol. New Phytologist , published online January 22, 2010. Carnivorous plants like Venus flytraps have evolved to be skillful hunters. 1. Nepenthes rajah is a(n) research topic. 8 mm ( n = 58; range: 49. Trap geometry in the giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. The flowers produce large amounts of nectar during the early evening and night, which evaporates by morning. Nepenthes of Borneo. 3 ounces) or 2. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo, which is the largest meat-eating plant in the world, prefers to eat small animal poo. New. However, ant densities are low in tropical montane habitats, thereby limiting the potential benefits of the carnivorous syndrome. Interesting facts about Table Tennis;. 3 fl oz) of water or 2. New Phytol. rajah and N. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew, Tupaia montana, in which the treeshrew defecates into the pitchers while visiting them to feed on nectar secretions on the pitchers lids. CrossrefThe largest carnivorous plant in the world is the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah). Biol Lett 2009; 5: 632 - 635 , , [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. 1958. giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree. 8 mm ( n = 4), most N. f. , N. The plants attract and drown their prey with nectar. Greenwood, Melinda; Clarke, Charles; Lee, ChThe pitchers of Nepenthes rajah, a montane carnivorous plant species from Borneo, are large enough to capture small vertebrates such as rats or lizards, which occasionally drown therein. There are, however, much larger species of carnivorous plants out there — the giant montane pitcher plant can measure up to 16 inches tall and has been known to consume frogs, geckos and rats. The range is a. , N. As Aedes mosquitoes are container breeders, Nepenthes pitchers are a potential candidate oviposition site for vector species, such as Aedes aegypti (L. 14 reviews. three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes have gained considerable attention during last few years. Nepenthes pitchers. Chúng chủ yếu là các loài cây tạo thành dạng dây leo tại khu vực nhiệt đới Cựu thế. 5 litres of water, this carnivorous plant can reach a height of 41 centimetres. Phylogenetic data indicate that Nepenthes evolved from a Drosera-like progenitor (Meimberg et al. In spring, before the pitchers fully develop, bright yellow flowers, 2 in. The giant montane pitcher ( N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Here we describe a new trapping mechanism for Nepenthes gracilis which has evolved a unique, semi-slippery wax crystal surface on the underside of the. *Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. rajah is often referred. In contrast, the interaction between K. It is a type of organism that provides a safe haven for symbiotic bacteria, which they must consume in order to break down their prey. The Giant Montane Pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is the largest meat-eating plant in the world. Carnivorous plants were described in a 400-page monograph. 1111/j. " The plant lives on tree shrew poop. In some the liquid is viscoelastic. I guess you're referring to the Giant Montane Pitcher plant, in which case, it's latin name is Nepenthes lowii. New Phytologist 186, 461-470. How big is the biggest Venus Flytrap? The B52 is a giant clone that makes traps 1. 2010; 186:461–470. 4. N. Nepenthes pitcher plants and treeshrews maintain a mutually beneficial relationship by exchanging nutrients. But there’s another taste it prefers to that of meat: poop. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. 5 metres (4. T rap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. This plant has urn-shaped traps that can grow to 41. It grows in lowland and montane forests, and is found in areas with high humidity and temperatures. from publication: A Unique Resource Mutualism between the Giant Bornean Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes rajah, and. 5 litres (84. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the. New Phytol. Because it is the world’s largest carnivorous plant, the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) has no equal. flava cuprea -$60. Host communities are sometimes stocked with symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breakdown of their catch. The carnivorous leaves form short, green pitchers and are. rajah, N. Nepenthes of Borneo. The largest carnivorous plant species in the world is the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah). N. established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. 2010; 186:461–470. New Phytol. 5 litres (116. It’s a specialised leaf holding liquid in it. Swimming ants and pitcher plants: a unique ant-plant interaction from Borneo. Chi này chứa khoảng 90 tới 130 loài, với vô số loại cây lai ghép tự nhiên hay từ gieo trồng. Three species of Nepenthes pitcher plants from Borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews, the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources. Catch the latest on promotions, new products and sales. Its urn-shaped traps reach 41 centimeters tall and a pitcher with 3. L. 2009. doi:. Crossref three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. 5 litres (118. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic associationThe pitchers of Nepenthes rajah, a montane carnivorous plant species from Borneo, are large enough to capture small vertebrates such as rats or lizards, which occasionally drown therein. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening. Bauer, Ulrike, Rembold, Katja, Grafe, T. 5 ounces). BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae, approx. 5 litres (118. Pitcher Plant Eats Shrew Poo (image via: discover magazine, wikimedia commons) The Giant Montane Pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is the largest meat-eating plant in the world. hardwickii and the pitcher plants is probably very young as the diversity of Nepenthes derives from a recent adaptive radiation after the last glacial period (Clarke,. The ѕрeсіeѕ are collectively known as sun pitchers, based on the mistaken notion that the heli of Heliamphora is from the Greek helios, meaning “sun”. The world’s largest carnivorous plant, the giant montane pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is a gigantic pitcher plant. The giant montane pitcher plant is a botanical predator, ruthlessly luring in prey and feasting on its victims--except when it's not. | Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. , 2011; Greenwood et al. The IUCN Red List identifies 35 Nepenthes species as endangered or vulnerable, while ten of them are critically. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew, Tupaia montana, in which the treeshrew defecates into the pitchers while visiting them to. Tumbuhan karnivora. baluensis scats inside pitchers, open. rajah Hook. Nepenthes attenboroughii. These are leaves that have been modified into pit-like structures, as we have described. These pitchers can reach up to 40 centimeters in height and are capable of holding large volumes of fluid. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. A. 13. Here, we tested the hypothesis. The leaves of Nepenthes pitcher plants are specialized pitfall traps which capture and digest arthropod prey. In contrast, the interaction between K. That is true, pitcher plants eat meat just like Venus flytraps, sundews and butterworts. Nepenthes pitcher plants are colonized by a variety of specialized arthropods. We sell ornamental seedlings of the hybrids and species that we curate in-house. In terms of trapping volume, the largest carnivorous traps belong to various species in the giant tropical pitcher plant genus of Nepenthes. Nepenthes attenboroughii (/ n ɪ ˈ p ɛ n θ iː z ˌ æ t ən ˈ b ʌr i aɪ,-ˌ æ t ən b ə ˈ r oʊ ɡ i aɪ /), or Attenborough's pitcher plant, is a montane species of carnivorous pitcher plant of the genus Nepenthes. 5 litres (84. 1469. *Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. Recent studies have also revealed patterns of divergent evolution in functional. three giant montane species are. A number of Bornean Nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. Pitcher plants with urn-shaped traps can reach a height of 41 centimeters and hold 3. Nepenthes villosa is. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. Clarke, Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. KidHornet817. 3. M. 5 ounces). Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. 2010; 186: 461–470. Some, like the Venus flytrap, use snap traps. This study investigates the benefits of carnivory to Nepenthes rafflesiana, a common Bornean lowland species. But theres another taste it prefers to that of meat: poop. These plants can reach heights of up to 16. S. f. f. Clarke (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an ecologist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, for which he is regarded as a world authority. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew's body. 5 liters) of fluid. The carnivorous plant of the world is the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah). Moran, C. Competition shrew body size. Carnivorous plants occur in nutrient-deprived habitats and typically compensate the lack of nutrients by capturing arthropods (Givnish et al. Chin, J. For example, last year we reported on the giant montane pitcher plant, which had been rumored to swallow up animals as large as rat-sized tree shrews. rajah Hook. C. 5 feet tall and have pitchers that can hold up to a pint of water. vertebrates and small mammals have been identified as having digestive fluid. three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew’s body. [Google Scholar] 15. Leave a Comment Cancel reply. The carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes grows in nutrient-deficient substrates and produce jug-shaped leaf organs (pitchers) that trap arthropods as a source of N and P. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. Insects are attracted to the pitchers and they will crawl in and drown. Moran2 and Charles Clarke1 1School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; 2School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads. attenboroughii described by Robinson et al. rajah Hook. Pitcher plants of the family. L. 1997. The giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) is the world’s largest carnivorous plant, and it can only be found in Borneo. New Ph ytol. three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. Found near the summit of Mount Victoria on the island of Palawan… The largest carnivorous plant species in the world is the giant montane pitcher plant ( Nepenthes rajah ). Pitcher plants need to devote a lot of energy and resources such as carbon to produce pitchers with specialized cells for capturing and digesting prey instead of normal leaves that are specialized to. The giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) is the world’s largest carnivorous plant. f. rajah and N. , Wood T. Of the 21 species of pitcher plants Nepenthes in the Philippines, 13 are endemic to Mindanao. A NEW SPECIES OF GIANT PITCHER PLANT FROM THE PHILIPPINES STEWART MCPHERSON • Dorset, Poole • UK •. 1737),. A. 1469. 28 ft) tall or less. rafflesiana, indicating either higher water use efficiency (due to water stress) or greater photosynthetic capacity, and the carbon stable isotope abundance in both species was investigated. Giant montane pitcher plants are one of the largest carnivorous plants in the world. New Phytol, 186(2):461-470, 22 Jan 2010 Cited by: 32 articles | PMID: 20100203. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. Mountain treeshrews have mostly been recorded in montane outcrops above 600 m (2,000 ft). New Phytologist, in press (early view). Giant montane pitcher plants (Nepenthes rajah) are the world’s largest carnivorous plants. Its traps can reach 41 cm in height and hold 3. It is composed of the filament (a stalk) that holds the anther, which produces the pollen. There are, however, much larger species of carnivorous plants out there — the giant montane pitcher plant can measure up to 16 inches tall and has been known to consume frogs, geckos and rats. Pitcher plants are ideal objects to study plant carnivory because the liquid of the pitcher can be easily harvested; moreover, it directly represents the digestion fluid and it can be collected from closed, prey-free pitches which ensures the presence of solely plant-borne constituents. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to. A. rajah and N. A number of Bornean Nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. f. New Phytologist 186, 461–470. A. New Phytologist. 4 feet) and can be kept in pitchers that can hold up to 3. rafflesiana, and N. Moran2 and Charles Clarke1 1School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; 2School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads. 186 , 461–470 (2010). 1”) tall alone. They also consume large quantities of wild fruits. Surprisingly, however, the aerial pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana variety elongata are poor insect. Carnivorous pitcher plants capture prey with modified leaves (pitchers), using diverse mechanisms such as ‘insect aquaplaning’ on the wet pitcher rim, slippery wax crystals on the inner pitcher wall, and viscoelastic retentive fluids. This is the first account of a case of obvious nectar robbing from Nepenthes pitchers by a guild of species that are too large to serve as prey, while the pitcher size and shape prevent faecal droppings from reaching the pitcher’s inside. 2010 doi: 10. Malaysia is the center of biodiversity for the Nepenthes genera, and there are different varieties growing on different mountains. Notably, three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic. The liquid is a juice that dissolves the body of the victim, but not all pitchers use the same liquid. Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. New Phytol. f. For example, in pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack,The plant is endemic to Borneo and is known as the giant montane pitcher plant. macrophylla), which capture faeces of small. Venus flytraps, for example, live in savannas of the Carolinas as denizens of swampland. Nepenthes talangensis Nerz & Wistuba is an endemic pitcher plant with a restricted distribution range, only found in Mount Talang, West Sumatra []. (doi:10. . An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. Fusion of the leaf. Add to Favorites. C. Shop Predatory Plants and add a beautiful carnivorous pitcher plant to your nursery collection!Carnivorous plants are known to be the world’s largest, with the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) being the largest. hardwickii and the pitcher plants is probably very young as the diversity of Nepenthes derives from a recent adaptive radiation after the last glacial period (Clarke, 2006; Meimberg & Heubl, 2006; Chin, Moran & Clarke, 2010). , Clarke C. But it is not this big to swallow up mammals such as tree shrews or rats. PLoS One. Scientists have observed vertebrates and small mammals in their digestive fluid. attenboroughii), which is one of the largest of all carnivorous plants, reaching up to 1. In this study, we found that tree shrew body size. But it. (1997) Nepenthes of Borneo. lowii, N. Sarracenia purpurea is probably the most common. Its urn-shaped traps grow up to 41 centimetres tall with a. …genus includes the critically endangered Attenborough’s pitcher plant (N. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. [7] and Chin et al. Insects and other small prey are drawn to sticky droplets that resemble nectar or dewdrops when adhesive traps are used. rajah) of Malaysian Borneo in particular has pitchers that can contain as much as 3. This is the first case in which the faeces-trapping syndrome has been documented in a pitcher plant that attracts bats and only the second case of a mutualistic association between a carnivorous plant and a mammal to date. xCarnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes have evolved a striking diversity of pitcher traps that rely on specialized slippery surfaces for prey capture. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community. The giant montane pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is endemic to Borneo’s mountains. Nepenthes, or tropical pitcher plants, are a genus of carnivorous plants well known for their intricate and beautiful pitcher-shaped leaves that trap and digest insects. A carnivorous plant is a flowering plant that consumes and kills animals in order to obtain nutrition. 5 litres of. A Novel Type of Nutritional Ant–Plant Interaction: Ant Partners of Carnivorous Pitcher Plants Prevent Nutrient Export by Dipteran Pitcher Infauna. doi:. , 1984). M. rajah Hook. Nepenthes tobaica (also called Toba Pitcher Plant, among many other common names) is a species of pitcher plant native to Borneo. Sarracenia habitats may be coastal, piedmont or montane (mountainous). 0021114 Corpus ID: 17784911; A Unique Resource Mutualism between the Giant Bornean Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes rajah, and Members of a Small Mammal CommunitySearch life-sciences literature (41,555,377 articles, preprints and more) Search. , N. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews (Tupaia montana Thomas (Scandentia)), in which the treeshrews defecate into the Nepenthes’ pitchers whileChin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. 2010. 99.