13 13:01 Seite 190. 7 Manufacturer – In this Standard it shall be defined as a concrete precast producer which. The sharp-ness of line of the assembled con-struction depends mainly on the ac-curacy of the manufacture of the segments. Wet cast product is better when a structural product is needed and where much bigger pieces need to span large openings. Used to set mailbox posts, fence posts and lamp posts without mixing; Pour dry mix into hole and soak with water . 0% weight loss when subjected to 300 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, as per ASTM C666. Concrete also sets in wet weather, but rainwater in the mixture can weaken it. With cast-in anchors you can generally get them deeper, with more reliable QA, and a more readily verifiable load path to confirm that you have developed steel within the pullout cone. A slight bit of water is added – just enough to hold the composite together (this is the reason for calling the process “dry cast”). Optimized automation for every production stage: from stacking/destacking, handling, pitching, packaging to splitting concrete blocks in the most efficient manner. Dry Cast Concrete Products:. Russell III, executive director of the Cast Stone Institute is that “cast stone isn’t permitted to contain bug holes or air voids and must have a fine-grained texture, which is normally achieved by acid etching. 2. 1. 25. Concrete gravel boards provide a long-lasting and rot-proof alternative to the traditional timber fence. 30 to 0. Sandwich Panel Construction. Jorge explains the difference between the dry cast system and the wet cast system. Plaster casts and fiberglass casts with conventional padding aren’t waterproof. It flows evenly over rebar reinforcing bars to make floors or walls in large buildings. But there are limitations in the Dry Cast process. Dry cast limestone ornaments are handmade using crushed limestone. Below, several important facts regarding dry-cast concrete are outlined. Cast Stone - a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in Division 4 masonry applications. An experimental work was carried out to examine the properties of dry-cast concrete using both types of cements (PPC and OPC). 2. This mold is later filled with a wet mix of cement and aggregate and then left to set for a day. Abstract. water content, is the most critical aspect of producing high-quality cast stone. cover, mm (in. The present study purpose is to investigate the behaviour of precast beam-column joint with two types of dry mechanical connections and two types of wet connections using ABAQUS software. Precast concrete segmental (PCS) box-girders are widely used in bridge construction, while studies on flexural behaviors of PSC box-girders with dry joints are insufficient. 2. The major difference between the two is the amount of water used. 38 without the use of admixtures. Waterproof cast cons. Dependant on the situation all cast stone both Wet and Dry Cast can be used. Wet cast concrete, as its name suggests, has a wetter, more liquid consistency, or what is referred to as ‘slump’ – the state of concrete before it is cured. Dry and Wet Joints Joints can broadly be classified as dry and wet joints based on the method of connection of precast members at the site. Introduction Indonesia is one of the fast developing countries in the world. An Introduction to Dry Cast Concrete. Mater. This post is constructed using wet cast concrete, which results in a consistently smooth and durable finish. Both wet cast and dry cast pavers are suitable for residential projects (i. 30 to 0. 4 lbs. 1. 30 lb/ft 3 (21 kg/m 3), a quantity significantly higher than would have been predicted using wet-cast concrete. We’ve spent more than 55 years developing and refining our solutions and today provide a level of service that we. The observation of crack and failure behaviour of all concrete specimens were also carried out. They combine the economy of post-frame. A wet cast can lead to skin irritation or infection. G. 1 This specification covers wet-cast precast modular retaining wall units cast from first-purpose concrete with or without the inclusion of steel reinforcement. Rebuilding efforts after World War. 4. Believe it or not, even in an era of chemicals and additives, proper hydration, i. ”. OK, now make a test cylinder of the same density. They combine the economy of post-frame construction with THE DRY CAST PROCESS. The connection in Fig. Precast prestressed concrete method; In the precast prestressed concrete method, high-strength steel cables, known as tendons, are placed inside the mould before the concrete is poured. Both wet cast PMBWs and dry cast MBWs resist horizontal earth pressure by acting as gravity retaining walls. Wet Cast—Which is best for concrete pipes and manholes? Our latest blog post breaks down the pros and cons, offering insights for anyone in the industry! Learn how these methods. WET CAST. It is usually poured at temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. What is the difference between dry and wet cast concrete? Wet cast concrete is the liquid form of concrete we see pouring from a cement mixer, hopper, or truck. 3. As a cast stone company, at Vobster Architectural we specialise in designing, detailing and manufacturing premium quality wet cast stone, semi-dry stone and glass reinforced concrete (GRC) products. Acid Etching – Process of applying a solution of hydrochloric or muriatic acid and water to the exposed surface of Cast Stone in order to remove the cement film from the aggregates, achieving a fine-grained finish which simulates natural cut stone. Typically wet cast pavers are smooth in appearance and to the touch. If possible, aim the fan so that it blows directly onto the wet area of. One benefit of using dry cast is it can be consolidated within a form. Wet-cast paver mix contains more water than dry-cast pavers, rendering the mix a similar consistency to concrete. With wet. 0. 3. Dry cast concrete is defined as concrete with a slump less than 1-inch. Also, dry cast can only achieve limestone or sandstone texture and cannot create a smooth finish. Wet cast product is better when a structural product is needed and where bigger pieces need to span large opening. 2. where. The construction and mechanical principle of the replaceable energy dissipation connectors are introduced. Cast-in-situ connections, represented in Figure 1, provides a. Wet cast, commonly referred to as precast concrete, is a plastic or pour able concrete, the viscosity of which can be measured by a slump test. Wet Cast and Dry Cast Concrete. Our wide range of products gives builders high-quality options and the power of choice in their projects. 74-mm) sieve. They are available in two depths 150mm and 300mm. Coarse - Aggregate predominately retained on the No. Dry cast concrete fence posts, on the other hand, involve a concrete. Training & Resources Resource LIbrary Learning Center ACM Academy Concrete 101 Videos ACM Blog Ask Ben. But to produce durable cast stone, it is important to understand the mechanisms that cause concrete toCast-In-Place Concrete Min. Absorption – Percentage of moisture absorption by weight after immersion in water. Simpler Machinery is used. Wet-cast means that the concrete has a water-cement ratio of about 0. This method is typically used for the production of large diameter pipes and more complex fittings that. Both wet cast PMBWs and dry cast MBWs resist horizontal earth pressure by acting as gravity retaining walls. Wet joint: Joint that requires not only casting with cement but also concreting and grouting material. 0 systems have further enhanced the reputation and scope of precast concrete applications. The undisputed worst deicer for concrete. 1. The most common finish for a dry tamp cast stone is limestone or sandstone while the wet cast method is capable of providing a wider array of possible finishes. In this blog post, we will give an overview of precast concrete construction and the different methods. The dimensions and section reinforcement of the two joints are the same, the length of the column is 3000 mm, and. •Wet mixes have a standard design slump that can be measured in accordance with ASTM C143. AQUA-X 11 Clear Stone and Concrete Sealer. Here’s a quick side-by-side comparison: Cost: Cast-In-Place is often more cost-effective for small-scale or highly customized projects, while Precast can be cost-effective for larger, repetitive projects. in dry cast concrete products were found to increase the compatibility of mixture ingredients instead of developing a uniformly distributed, spherical air void system as found in "wet cast" concretes. 6) certain lines of natural stones products. Costly initially but cost saving overall in large constructions. Give us a call at 717-267-4505 for information on more quality precast, prestressed products to meet your design and construction needs. 6) certain lines of natural stones products. faster mold or machine fill times. Types of Surface Finishes. Precast Concrete. The semi-dry process is most suited to traditional sized products such as cills, heads, string courses, cornice, copings etc. The concrete mix sets faster in this process. 2 Wet Cast ProductionAmong the precast specimens, the second specimen has more load-carrying capacity and the third specimen has the least load-carrying capacity. The low water-to-cement ratio means the concrete sets and hardens quickly, allowing for faster demolding. 21. In this study, ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) was utilized in precast segmental beams to reduce the self-weight, shorten the construction time, and improve the performance and durability of bridges. To complete fences, gravel boards are also available, these are 1825mm x 300mm x 50mm size manufactured in both smooth and rockface finishes, and 1825mm x 150mm x 50mm size in smooth finish only. • A cast constructed with Wet or Dry Cast Padding will dry as water drains from the cast. The water-cement ratio used in the mix design is 0. Since cast stone is a type of architectural precast concrete, the question is often asked: “What is the difference between cast stone and architectural precast concrete?” The short answer is that cast stone is used in place of natural stone. Both conform to ASTM C1364 specifications. Our advanced methods consistently produce a high quality precast. Risers: 7 1/2″ high (7″ Risers available as custom unit). Consequently, dry cast forming is typically built much heavier than equivalent wet cast forming. and Mohamed et al. A. What is wet cast concrete? Wet cast concrete is a flow-able form of concrete which may be poured from a mixer, hopper or truck. Major advances have been made in mix. Hold the hairdryer several inches away from the cast and move it around constantly so that all areas of the cast get evenly dried out. You’ll have to wait 1 to 2 weeks after your injury to get a waterproof cast put on, so you may need another type of cast or a splint. Cheaper initially but more expensive overall for large constructions. Then dump concrete through the tube into the bottom of the hole. Dry tamped cast stone is typically specified to be 6500 psi at 28 days when tested in accordance with ASTM C 1194 (done by breaking cubes) while wet-cast cast stone is typically specified to be 5000 psi at 28 days when tested in accordance with ASTM C39-86 (done by breaking cylinders). 75 hours for precast vs. 7 wet cast, adj—manufactured concrete products made from fresh concrete with a measurable slump in accordanceOur 9ft Concrete Intermediate Fence Post (2. Like the article. Discover our ICC-ES-certified post-frame and deck solutions. Repairs specific to uncured dry cast, packerhead, and semi-dry cast product for slab off areas extending to the reinforcing steel shall commence within 1 h of casting the product by trowel-applying batched concrete from the same mix design, or approved concrete mix into the slab off area. T-FIXX ®, bolt or bar anchors transfer the tension and shear force into the precast element. Wet Cast stone can be handled in a similar way to concrete and will typically weather much. Dry cast concrete has the right amount of water to hydrate the cement. Photo 1 – Coated precast beams and piers. Some of the earliest concrete structures were built by trade. Wet Cast Production Forms remain in place until sufficient strength achieved. Setting a cast-in-place anchor in just the right location can be a daunting task. 3. POSTS. 4 parts stone -that mix is more than strong enough. Wet cast concrete is poured into a mould and air bubbles are released from the mix through vibration. 36. 3. C 1758 Practice for Fabricating Test Specimens with Self Consolidating Concrete . A dry-cast mix design allows Concrete Systems Inc. SINCE 2012. Wet-cast pavers also have the ability to impersonate a variety of finishes such as wood, water and natural stone. In the precast business, wet cast concrete is frequently. The main difference between the two processes is the point at which the water is added. . May 2017. It offers the advantages of a high level of. When you take a bath or shower, keep your cast completely out of the water and cover it with twoThe precast reinforced concrete box culvert sections shall match the size and hydraulic opening indicated in the contract plans. Wet cast – handle in 6 to 8 hours. A substitute for Dry Cast is the Wet Case Stone alternative. 1 For both conventional wet cast concrete and SCC mixes, a minimum of one set of compressive strength cylinders shall be fabricated from every 7 yards of concrete, orOur slotted concrete posts are 4" x 3. Don’t forget concrete nails (ltem HW28) to attach the treated base board. g. However, conventional dry-connections-like sleeve grouting joints in precast concrete structures lagged at a low construction and management efficiency with poor quality control. 1993; Park 2003; Bull and Park 1986). Looks like sawn stone in appearance, and weathers perfectly. Wet cast concrete is often used in the precast industry, where it is. The system with wet connections uses cast-in-place concrete, having to follow the requirements of a monolithic RC construction [10] . Dry cast concrete box units are available in the 9 standard sizes listed in OPSS 1821, Table 1. The end result is a product that is almost impervious to the entry of moisture and acids that won’t flake, chip or craze like ordinary car stops. The precast concrete element producer bears responsibility for technical performance, compliance to standards and durability of products. Cost-effective: Due to its. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. Wet Mix Cast Stone . Set only the two end posts: Dig all the postholes that will form a straight line, but only set the fence posts on the ends by following the steps above. Aside from the physical properties and forming techniques, curing is the main difference between wet and dry production, following pouring, wet cast usually sits indoors,. Since cast stone is a type of architectural precast concrete, the question is often asked: “What is the difference between cast stone and architectural precast concrete?” The short answer is that cast stone is used in place of natural stone. Trying to find good dry cast information amongst a deluge of Ready Mix sites is a very common problem in our (niche) segment of the concrete market! Here’s a few pointers: Ready mix concrete is also known as slump or wet cast concrete. Regarding dry moment resistant precast concrete connections, recent advances have been developed. Dry tamp replicate a carved stone while wet cast looks like a molded product where details does now show as well as dry cast. Dry Cast Production. Chiltern architectural wet cast products are manufactured from a self-compacting concrete mix consisting of portland cement, limestone aggregates, sand, water and admixtures. Both products have their place in design and construction. It will eventually get wet and cure over time. 50mm Depth of Slot: 20mm Dry Cast Concrete Slotted Channels on two sides Resistant to moisture and rot Features & Specifications Click to close. Sort of a technical question for the group. This results in a more. The columns are crowned with a peaked pier cap which can have a decorative sphere or light fixture mounted on it. This step ensures that you don’t accidentally hit or damage them when you dig. 5; therefore, wet cement can produce alkaline (caustic) skin burns which progress and get worse without more exposure. The architectural precast concrete & cast stone division of Steps Plus manufactures a variety of custom products ranging from simple window sills to ornate pieces for restoration work. Wet-cast paver mix contains more water than dry-cast pavers, rendering the mix a similar consistency to concrete. 6) through No. Increased production. It’s so difficult, in fact, that post-installed anchors are now becoming the preferred method for attaching wood, steel, and cold-formed steel components to concrete instead of cast-in-place anchors. The difference between high end cast stone and precast concrete is easily seen, and even the novice can appreciate the high quality limestone like finish on a cast stone product. C948-81(2023) Standard Test Method for Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete . Dry-cast pavers are formed through the vibration and compaction of dry materials and are air-cured, making them quick and affordable to produce, but limited in color and texture options. a dry mix standing as-is once mold is removed. If you’re like most of us, you’re probably not familiar with these terms and may be. The filled molds will then go through the vibration. Both wet cast PMBWs and dry cast MBWs resist horizontal earth pressure by acting as gravity retaining walls. Dry Cast Concrete. Wet Cast Concrete Design •A significant amount of Box Culverts and precast concrete products are produced using wet cast processes, including some Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP). 3) Bullnose stones or Coping Stones. 2. Dry cast concrete fence posts, on the other hand, involve a concrete mix with a lower water content. If the size of the opening exceeds the safe limitations of cast in the use of a structural header is used to create the required opening. Division 03 Section "Cast-in-Place Concrete" for installing connection anchors in concrete. The installation process varies between wet and dry set concrete methods. It is the consistency that defines whether the mix is ‘wet’ cast or ‘dry’ cast. Contrasting that with our semi dry stone process and you can see why Serene Stone semi dry is. In this study, a novel steel joint for precast reinforced concrete. The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it. Curing requirements: It has special curing requirements because of the low water-to-cement ratio. It's also more weather resistant than natural stone, and can be cast in numerous colors. It requires additional excavation so that the concrete can be dumped into one place. Cast stone units manufactured from wet cast concrete must have their reinforcement properly located and sufficiently rigid to prevent movement during the pouring process and to maintain the required concrete cover. A wet connection between precast members generally uses cast-in-place concrete or grout of higher grade to fill the joint [2]. Vibratory compaction by hand tamp of earth-moist, zero-slump concrete against rigid mold until it is densely compacted. Unlike cast-in-situ buildings, precast buildings are assembled on site by connecting precast components using mechanical devices or on-site casted joints, which makes the. Rebar chairs, which position the reinforcing steel away from the face of the mold are not recommended with cast stone. 9 Wet Cast –In this Standard it shall be defined as anything other than zero slump concrete. SG sample = W 1 ÷ [ W 2 – W 3 – (W 2 – W 1 ÷SG wax) ] and assume the specific gravity of wax = 0. On the other hand, the spun-cast technique of manufacturing precast concrete pipes involves concrete with a w/cm ratio. As its name would imply, wet cast concrete is quite liquid. The concrete mixture must be wet enough to allow the concrete to stick to the walls of the rotating mold. 11. Nimse et al. Keep your child’s cast dry during baths or showers by covering it with two layers of plastic, sealed with a rubber band or duct tape. Do this by nailing the sides of the tube to the center of a tic-tac-toe grid of 2x4s at the top of the hole. The semi-dry precast concrete industry manufactures large quantities of finished concrete products with high quality surface appearance and excellent durability. Precast Ultra Concrete. Manufacturing wet cast cast stone is just like baking a cake. Both are generally composed of aggregate, Portland cement, and water. The mould gets stripped after concrete has been cured. Which is Best for Your Project? The choice of wet cast versus. 14. Dry Cast units are immediately demoulded after casting and are hand finished to a very high standard. All 9 sizes are supplied with a single offset joint and a pre-lubricated rubber gasket. The wood column is attached to a U-shaped steel bracket made of ¼-inch steel with ½-inch thru-bolts and ¼-inch lag bolts. Concrete gravel boards prevent the timber from your panels to come into contact with the ground thus preveting rot and decay. It’s so difficult, in fact, that post-installed anchors are now becoming the preferred method for attaching wood, steel, and cold-formed steel components to concrete instead of cast-in-place anchors. The finished of wet cast are virtually unlimited, and its products can sustain structural characteristics. A wet cast manufacturing process that creates a denser, stronger product than other methods, such as dry cast concrete. The post-cracking behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete depends on. WET CAST | Do you want to know everything about landscaping? Read our blog articles to find out trends, tips and tools about the landscape industry. 4) Flagstones or steppingstones or concrete slaps. The main difference between wet cast and dry cast pavers really lies within the manufacturing process. Architectural Cast Stone has specific performance requirements. It's also more weather resistant than natural stone, and can be cast in numerous colors. These methods can be subdivided into three basic groups according to CSI Specification 04 7200: “Vibrant dry tamp (dry cast) products, n—Cast Stone manufactured from earth moist, zero slump. Is hugely competitive on price, allowing large scale usage. [16] investigated experimentally the cyclic behaviour of four different types of wet and dry precast. Cast stone is a type of precast concrete designed to replicate the appearance and texture of natural stone. We offer three high-specification cast stone material options to suit your unique requirements: 1. Raw Materials. Although dry cast pipes, typically used for open cut projects, have the same ultimate strength as wet cast, wet cast pipes have a higher resistance to strain and can carry an axial load of approximately 2,000 tons on an 84-in. Perma-column . Once the concrete cures, the mold can be removed and the product can be palletized and shipped. The remaining part of beam with 45 mm from top face is kept open as shown in Fig. By W. The. Cast-in-place anchors are the best solution for most. The next piece is the uplift anchors that are bolted to the pre-cast post at the base of the. comAlmost all concrete today consists of some combination of water, Portland cement, and aggregate material like gravel, stone, or sand. Watch on. The method has several variations but all use low frequency-high amplitude vibration to distribute and densely compactIn general, casts are meant to stay dry. Airport construction generally requires a high degree of precision and accuracy due to the large scale of the projects and the heavy traffic that will be using the facility. They are typically more expensive than dry cast pavers and increasingly these products are being manufactured factory sealed adding to their cost. Dry-cast concrete car stops are formed with a moist concrete mix, vibrated on a molding machine to eliminate air pockets and compacted under 23 tons of hydraulic pressure. With concrete being the most utilised building material worldwide [7, 8] a high ecologic potential, in regard to resource-efficient design and production through automation, is available. Dry cast pavers have an optimal water to cement ratio making them. The biggest difference between the two is the manufacturing process through which they are created. In this system, the vertical load resistant system is divided into two parts, and those. and Mohamed et al. 4 Guide to Manufacturing Method Properties 2. Wet Cast. While many of the raw materials are the same or similar to what we use in the dry cast concrete products. 1. The principal materials for this are limestone, white cement and sand, a mix. 2 Wet Cast Production 2. Cast-in-place anchor bolts are the simplest and most common type of fastener. As with wet-cast mixes, adequate curing of dry-cast concrete greatly enhances strength, impermeability, surface hardness and crack resistance. the construction of dry-stacked earth retaining walls. concrete units, interlocking soil-filled reinforced concrete modules or bins or rock filled gabion baskets. Download the PDF version of this article. 2 parts sand. The same wet cast paving process is applied to the following simulated stone / concrete products: 1`) Pavers or paving bricks. [15] for engineering structures with cyclic symmetries. Choose with confidence, and make NCP as your single source for. The connection types of precast concrete frame joints include two categories : (1) Wet connection, and (2) dry connection. Dry cast pavers and slabs When searching for landscape materials, you may stumble upon the terms ‘’wet cast’’ and ‘’dry cast’’ pavers/slabs. Cast stone is commonly manufactured by two methods, the first method is the dry tamp method and the second is the wet cast process. Dry cast – handle in 4 to 5 hours. A dry-cast mixture has just enough water to initiate cement hydration within the range of 0. Constr. Most people are familiar with the two most common types of concrete: wet cast and semi-dry cast. Thi. Also referred to as Dry Cast or Dry Pack. Cast Stone can be stronger than precast concrete, and is easily cast to produce identical pieces. Hello world! 16. It's even more difficult to. For instance, Peyvandi et al. Introducing our 6FT Concrete Intermediate Fence Post (1. 3. AAS CNC technology and experience allows for an extremely high precision mold making process that produces high-quality. ft. Concrete gravel boards provide a long-lasting and rot-proof alternative to the traditional timber fence. Soil reinforcement can be added to wet cast PMBWs and dry cast MBWs. pipe on a radius of 1,500 ft. The demand for precast concrete here in the United States in on the rise, with a predicted growth of 6. Most decorative precasters use a wet-casting method, as opposed to dry-cast. Curing usually takes 3 weeks, during which time the piece. A wet cast can lead to skin irritation or infection. rarely become 100% dry without the use of a forced air dryer. MATERIAL PRODUCER LIST For the precast concrete drainage structures listed under Article 4. The performance of precast concrete frame structures against seismic loads mainly depends on the beam-to-column connection. The details of the two joints are shown in Fig. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. Cast Stone - A refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications. For the wet cast concrete example, cement is the second-most impactful component at 15% followed by coarse aggregate at 13%, admixture at 12%. 1. Wet Casting vs. Wet Cast - Jorge. Vibrant Dry Tamp (VDT) casting method: Vibratory ramming of earth moist, zero-slump concrete against a rigid mold until it is densely compacted. 2. In many applications, handling capacity, cost and time along with the availability of experienced personal may be the decisive factors to use either dry or wet techniques in erection process. Admixtures –. the tensile strength of dry-cast concrete. 4 when an air entrainer was used. Post By Topic. The result is a high-density material having a strength more than 45N/mm². Specifications; Length: 2400mm / 8ft. Division 04 Section “Exterior Stone Cladding” for furnishing stone facings and anchorages. Precast concrete renders come in two main types – wet cast and dry cast. 2—Methods of Casting Segments to be erected with wide joints may be cast separately. 4 or higher. We dug the holes 30” deep this time too as that was appropriate for our freeze depth. It allows precise rendering of fine detail and, for larger units and structural elements, the use of complex reinforcements. One of the important. An Introduction to Dry-cast Concrete This new concrete variant calls for water to be added after other ingredients are in the mold, compacted and finished. In modern times, concrete pavers took off as a building material in Europe after World War II. Dry cast concrete pavers may sometimes be used to. C1776 Specification for Wet-Cast Precast Modular Retaining Wall Units . No comprehensive. Division 03 Section "Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (GFRC). 9. As its name would imply, wet cast concrete is quite liquid. 5) bar, MW200 (W31) or MD200 (D31) wire, and smaller 40 (11⁄ 2) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground: Slabs, Walls. Since the embedded rod with rod is only the yielding part of the developed connection. Use a hairdryer on the low or cool setting. 12. After the application of epoxy glue, a temporary precompression pressure of 0. Due to the discontinuity of the reinforcements and complicated stress conditions, those wet joints are the weak parts in the PCSBs.