2. Eg. Where it is used over timber/plywood decks, a separating layer of Black Sheathing Felt will be required. We provide excellent results through our liquid screeding and concrete flooring services. Fixit Pidicrete WP 19 – 24 Dr. Good afternoon everybody, I have recently purchased a house with old asbestos floor tiles. 13 Aug 2020. BS EN 13318, Screed material and floor screeds — Definitions. Anhydrite liquid screed works perfectly with projects involving underfloor heating systems due to faster drying times, faster self-curing and the ability to pump the liquid screed. Removal of the tiles is non-licensed work, ie. From basecoats and rollers to a range of levelling compounds, shop our floor levelling products from trusted brands. Trade levelling and smoothing compound, protein-free with low odour and high compressive strength. Check out current offers for the AP1055. 2. Typical applications are the protection of concrete floors and screeds against wear from traffic abrasion, as well as a. Note: ARDEX A38 / A48 Rapid Set Screed does not require additionalAsphalt Plant Locations & Delivery. Buy from a wide range of tarmac and asphalt paints, for driveways, forecourts, roads and car parks. 1 Weep screeds. It provides a good, smooth, hard-wearing floor surface, making it popular in construction. It is a combination of bitumen, sand and cement which is poured over the top of existing concrete floors to create a durable and attractive finish. Wayners, Jan 8, 2021. Iam a floor layer with 25 five years experience. Floor finishes should be applied with the correct adhesives, for example: bitumen rubber emulsion (in accordance with BS 8201) proprietary adhesives (assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3) in accordance with manufacturers' instructions. 0. 7 kg. Andrew Golle clears up the confusion surrounding screeds and explains the difference between waterproofing above or below. laminate is ok. a. e. Colwyn Bay • Member since 19 Jan 2018 • 4 jobs, 100% positive feedback. Ground-bearing concrete floor slabs should be protected against ground moisture by providing a continuous damp proof membrane (DPM). Our coatings have resistant properties, ensuring durable protection and a seamless, uniform leveling on concrete. Asphalt floor screed is also known as mastic asphalt has a multitude of applications. A scabbler would do quite a lot of surface breaking which would, unless you were extremely diligent, probably leave some bitumen residue which stops the latex or smoothing compound from bonding to the floor. Polyurethane Primer. Allowing the UFH system to cool down for at least 48 hours. We had the tiles tested and they definitely contain asbestos. If the floor is now dry and physically sound then yes, you should be fine with a breathable underlay and hessian backed carpet. 28 Jun 2008. 00 (Ex VAT) New lower price. The only problem being sbr additive is expensive . Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Screeds & Toppings 1. However, it makes a difference whether you apply the screed directly to the bitumen membrane or whether other layers follow in between. BAY SIZE. It can be used over most existing adhesive residues, including bitumen. Whether you need some new asphalt flooring installed or repairs to an existing asphalt floor Heritage Asphalt can help. Asphalt paving repair contractors - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the slab concrete. It has been used as an adhesive. membrane is to be laid above the base level it can either be polyethene sheeting or at least 3 coats of cold-applied bitumen solution. Heidelberg Materials EasyFlow screed is a high-quality cement-based free-flowing material suitable for all internal domestic and commercial floors. The hotel believed this idyllic location on the edge of Dartmoor would make the perfect destination spa and aimed to create luxurious fitness and wellbeing facilities. With the slogan “Quality on all levels“, our product range has a wide coverage with over 2,000 qualitative high quality construction products worldwide for the most diverse of applications. ON AVERAGE: £20 – £40 PER SQM. A scabbler would do quite a lot of surface breaking which would, unless you were extremely diligent, probably leave some bitumen residue which stops the latex or smoothing compound from bonding to the floor. Order Bostik Cementone Cempolay Universal Primer Clear 2. THICKNESS. May 6, 2007 #1 I've taken up some old thermoplastic floor tiles laid in the early 70's. SBR diluted mix over bitumen, 2 coats, follow instructions on tub, likely 1-4 ratio with water, 1st coat front to back, 2nd coat side to side (if that makes sense) Wickes sell a 1tr SBR whereas usually only available as a 5lt. Country. Using a kango would also get you below the bitumen and are less likely to release fibres. Ne. From £30. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. On anhydrite surfaces prior to applying cement-based products. The bitumen mastic blocks shall be broken into pieces and then stocked in layers first round the sides and then inwards towards the center of the mixer. For further advice call our Technical Advisors on 01483 418 418, or use the button below to contact us. #3. Heating is not required for cold mastics, they are immediately ready for use, but they are more expensive than the first option. Removing the laitance by sanding to provide a key for the primer and/or adhesive. The weep screed shall. Fixit Novolac Screed Dr. John Malone - Screed technical sales officer: 0797 760 5040. Having read the sticky threads regarding liquid DPM and self leveling for concrete, I have an understanding of what is. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. The weep screed shall. With us you will learn everything about. It maintains and adjusts the temperature in both summer and winter. Bitumen is a black, tacky and hardwearing. Furthermore, a number of special polyurethane products can be installed as insulation under poured-asphalt floor screed and withstand temperatures of +200°C without additional heat protection, or can be used for cold-temperature applications down to –180°C. About. Providing surface and sub-surface drainage by implementing falls, to an outfall, is an integral part of waterproofing design. On absorbent surfaces,. 1. Suitable for cement/sand screeds containing underfloor heating systems; Unit Size Available: 6kg, 10kg, 25kg. From what I can see its a bit of a can of worms when the subfloor is bitumen/bitumen coated. . we don't need a specialist. #1 Long time reader, first time poster. Screed Weight. I was told to use 2 pack floor. e. Rubber Crumb Screed. It is probably a low content, eg. Bitumen is often part of the floor structure for screed. Electric Concrete Saw 14". Bitumen, polymer, silicate (mineral) were studied in terms of their cohesion with the substrate and their sealing ability, used in combination with different building materials—ceramics, concrete, lime-sand bricks and marl stone, the. Theses products can be applied as an asphalt Resurfacer or screeding the surface. Bitumen is usually on the back of carpet tiles and sometimes is left once they have been removed scrape and sand it off. The flooring screed is delivered ready-to-use so you are always sure that it is mixed correctly. IS 1346 (1991) is a standard for waterproofing of roofs with bitumen felts, covering the materials, design, laying and testing of the system. Every room was covered in thermoplastic ("Marley") tiles, attached with a thin layer of bituminous adhesive. info@speed-screed. Pouring hot bitumen is dangerous and need a lot of care, do a small bit at a time, you also have to keep an eye when heating bitumen as it will expand and rises very. Fast drying screed cost. Data sheetsHomeData sheetsAll downloadsCertificatesSafety data sheetsData sheetsDoPBulk Asphalt / Aggregates CertBulk & Packed Cement & Lime CertMortar, Blocks, Screed and Packed MarkingBrochuresContractor guidesSupplier Accreditation Information DSM Natural Colours Data Sheet TRUSCREED Ultra Pro Data Sheet. There are many proprietary screeds on the market and information about these can be obtained from the manufacturer. This site contains a wealth of information on our extensive product range, along with a selection of videos demonstrating their application. 7. All screeds and smoothing compounds all have have different slump ratios. In our trade, it's most commonly used in its form as a thickish, gloopy white liquid, which echoes its roots as a. On absorbent surfaces, such as cement and sand screeds, it may be necessary to damp down the surface with water before applying ARDITEX NA, to help reduce suction and pinholes. we don't need a specialist. The floor must be thoroughly swept to remove all traces of dust and loose particles, taking. The Grade one listed Boringdon Hall Hotel in Plympton, near Plymouth is a former medieval Manor House where style and luxury meet the Elizabethan architecture. Fortunately, there are a few easy ways to repair bitumen floor screed, ensuring it looks. A. Due to the different particle matrix in a granolithic. #1. 5. There are many proprietary screeds on the market and information about these can be obtained from the manufacturer. . 2-2012 Waterproofing. Floor finishes should be applied with the correct adhesives, for example: bitumen rubber emulsion (in accordance with BS 8201) proprietary adhesives (assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3) in accordance with manufacturers' instructions. Non-hazardous and low odour acrylic formula. Guaranteed Asphalt Limited 2 Mercury Way, London, SE14 5RR, 020 7277 8773 [email protected] cementitious renders prior to smoothing with gypsum-based products. For problem floors, especially on refurbishment. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. mumbai. Liquid-applied membrane (LAM) is a monolithic, fully-bonded, liquid-based coating suitable for many waterproofing and roofing applications. Unless you suspect damp, the cheaper self levelling screed would probably be ok without bitumen. ARDEX R 70 P. I have just unearthed some papers which indicate that the extension area has 50mm of screed on top of a 100mm slab of concrete. Asphalt Paving Machines. Apply in 2 consecutive thin coats approximately 1 hour apart. Fixit Pidicrete WP 19 – 24 Dr. impossible to ensure a good bond between floor and screed or topping. I bought some real wood (oak) to lay over the ground floor of my ex-Council house which was built in the 50's. :huh2: I have a floor to tile but the problem is it is concrete but the tiles have been down that long there is like a bitumen/ tar on the floor so my question is do I scrap the floor with a heat gun and scraper and try and get It clean or do I put a self levelling screed down over it the floor Is 30m2 any advices is very welcomeThe sitting room had parquet flooring which I lifted, but there are traces of bitumen on the screed, not thick, but a few mm in places. Cement screed is the most commonly installed type of screed and averages around £12 per sqm. SCREEDS SAND AND CEMENT Some types of sub-structure require a sand and cement screed to receive the asphalt. 5 litres /m². What are the Different Types of Floor Screeds. There are a few floor smoothing compounds on the market that can be used to cover / encapsulate old bitumen adhesive, Ardex NA being one of them. The floor is not very level so I was hoping to use some self level on top of it so I can lay a wood floor. We have a specialist asphalt flooring team who can help you with all aspects of asphalt flooring. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. ® Construction Chemicals’ range of specialised floor coatings are screeds based on bitumen, dry shake cementitious materials, self levelling cementitious screeds, epoxies and polyurethanes. Definitions The following definitions are used in this document. Caterpillar asphalt screeds feature hydraulic variable-width adjustment and electrically heated screed plates. Total Product Weight. com - 0800 242 5589 - Flow Screed Minimum Thickness I’m Andy Parkin, Managing Director of the Multi-Award Winning…A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4. The old adhesive should of been removed. This high-production paver offers a fast-heating screed system, durable components, and easy to use technology. No, You can’t directly apply traditional cement-based self-levelling compounds that you mix with water, on top of Bitumen. Unit weight or density is used to quantify the weight per unit volume of an object. Floor and Roof Screeds Vermiculite concrete screeds are light, insulating and intrinsically fire resistant. EasyFlow screed is self-compacting and pump-applied, making it quick and easy to place. Same as self leveller over flooring ply, 1 coat SBR 1-4, pour away, happy days. Firstly, apply WAKOL MS330 Primer DPM in one layer. Hope this helpsHowever, it was common practice to apply a layer of bitumen on top of the floor slab to stick down woodblock flooring or thermoplastic floor tiles, which acted as a basic DPM. May 6, 2007 #1 I've taken up some old thermoplastic floor tiles laid in the early 70's. about £18 each. Option 2: Machine Grinding Removal. The bitumen is less than a millimetre thick - painted on by all accounts. A screed floor is a type of construction flooring that has an even thickness and surface. The floor screed was very poor - like the bl**dy Himalayas! The room was originally 2 rooms (before we bought the house). Screwfix customers rate this product 4. weberfloor fibre 4310 is a self-smoothing base and renovation screed — also referred to as a self levelling compound or self levelling screed — which can be applied to depths of 5-50mm used for levelling:. 2 Option 2:. Acrylic coatings: Acrylic coatings. Medium Duty. . l. Page 1 of 2 Monolithic screeds should be laid within three hours of the concrete sub-floor being poured. 2mm diameter mesh of 25mm spacing is recommended while with thicker screeds a 3-5mm diameter mesh is recommended. Don't use a bitumen at all, you are correct eventually your screed will fail. Was £59. Screeds or concrete surfaces to receive wood finishes:Mastic asphalt is ideal for use as a flooring solution, creating a smooth but tough and durable surface. The inset timber battens are ther to provide a fix for the floor boards (your floor pre-dates modern glued floating floors). 27 Sep 2021. (Picks are used on large ride on models). Engineering News Online provides real time news reportage through originated written,video and audio material. Further preparation of the. , Ortigas Center, Pasig City 1600, PhilippinesWhat is asphalt flooring? Asphalt floor screed is made by combining specific bitumen's and aggregates with limestone filler. They are available in rear-extender and front-extender models. mechanically into the bitumen. Asphalt (1700 kg/m 3) 0. If u dont use the right primer the floor screed will blow under nieth eney flooring. Screeds The surface of the screed should be finished according to theWatco Sand Additive 5KG. Bitumen, polymer, silicate (mineral) were studied in terms of their cohesion with the substrate and their sealing ability, used in combination with different building materials—ceramics,. wrap hessian sleeving around all of the pipes ensuring they're covered. Flowable liquid floor screed suitable for applying up to a depth of. The only. The unit weight of a material is. June 28, 2022. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. The floor in the living room is a bitumen floor, and it was in a very sorry state. i try to keep up on new products and a company called ardex uk make a latex based levelling compound called (arditex na)that goes straight over bitumen to seal it. bitumen, old adhesives, paint, grease, weak cement screeds, shutter release and curing agents, sealing compounds, etc. From deep below ground to high above it, Fosroc delivers a full range of world-class waterproofing systems that ensure the integrity and durability of concrete structures. Liquid Screeding. It is not a wearing screed – must receive tiles or other floor covering after application of a suitable topping screed Weberfloor Base Rapid Weberfloor Base is a rapid-drying, self-smoothing renovation screed which can be used for levelling concrete, wooden boards, anhydrite screed, sand/cement screed, insulation board, tiles and bitumen. Standard Paving Range. Gallery. As for wether or not it needs to be primed, i'm not sure to be totally honest. Asphalt crews rely on the screed to ensure surfaces are smooth, properly textured, and ready for compaction. A few floors were finished with wooden blocks laid in bitumen. 237. Screed (material) pumping truck. The floor in the living room is a bitumen floor, and it was in a very sorry state. What are the Different Types of Floor Screeds. Screwfix Select. a long piece of writing, especially one that is boring or expresses an unreasonably strong…. The pattern on that bitumen together with the age of the house (mid-1960s), use in the kitchen and missed areas (e. I'm only diy here but I would suggest a SBR Slurry coat over the bitumen would aid adhesion between the layers. Fixit Novolac TC Dr. The bitumen may also, but I didn't have that tested, although I think it. weberfloor flex is a self-smoothing floor levelling compound — often incorrectly referred to as a self levelling screed or self levelling floor compound — which can be tiled onto and is an easy screed for applying onto floor substrates subject to some movement, such as wood or underfloor heating. With the slogan “Quality on all levels“, our product range has a wide coverage with over 2,000 qualitative high quality construction products worldwide for the most diverse of applications. Screeding paint price in nigeria - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the slab concrete. The DPM should: have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide. Whilst still being fast enough to receive tiles from 24 hours, and resilient flooring from only 7 days. The main water supply to the house comes through front door way, up the hallway. Tidy up floor as best as possible, remove any loose materials etc. I believe that what is on that floor is probably Marley (or similar) vinyl or linoleum tile. Concrete has a much coarser mixture than screed, consisting of larger, hard-core aggregates, which are the key element that gives it its durability and makes it strong and long lasting. Lightweight, less noisy and simpler alternative to gas powered cut-off machines. After this screed should be laid to protect the membrane. I wouldn’t recommend screw & plugging ply it will cause the bitumen to crack and then fail the ply. Ortigas Jr. 0800 242 5589 - info@speed-screed. Customer Service Email: phil-customer. 2 Option 2:. A commitment available to all designers, contractors, users and clients thanks to innovative products and solutions with the lowest impact on the environment. Typical applications are the protection of concrete floors and screeds against wear from traffic abrasion, as well as a. The DPM should: have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide. It drys twice as fast as standard Calcium Sulphate screeds, from as little as 14 days! Download the latest ARDEX High-performance. bitumen and can be used in flat roofing sealed with bituminous roof covering. h. Screed specification will depend upon the requirements of the individual project. Click the “Calculate Materials” button to get the estimated amount of cement and sand needed for your project, displayed in kilograms. A. Asphalt floor screed is made by combining specific bitumens and aggregates with limestone filler. Cement screed is the most commonly installed type of screed and averages around £12 per sqm. Mixing Ratio. #1. Balconies, Walkways and Terraces; Podium Deck Flooring Solutions; Internal Flooring Solutions; Paving Solutions; Floor Components – Accessories. Caterpillar offers a broad range of asphalt paving machines from wheel and track asphalt pavers to tamper bar and vibratory screeds. 1 Option 1: Use a floor grinder to remove old adhesive: 1. ~4 hours. Out of the 7sqm of floor i guess about 1. It is useful to remember that the larger the area the lower the price per square metre. Learn more. 5 Ebor Court, Randall Park Way, Retford, DN22 7WF East. We have a specialist asphalt flooring team who can help you with all aspects of asphalt flooring. g where the free standing cooker was) are all indicative that there wasn't parquet on the floors and that it isn't a DPM. R703. Bituminous membranes are perfect for waterproofing roofs, basements, below-ground structures, bridges and other structures. Fixit PU Plain Injection Dr. Asbestos Bitumen Glue Adhesive Removal Cost Guide for 2022 . This article covers four roof coatings: acrylic, silicone, polyurethane, and an asphaltic rubber membrane system. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. As for wether or not it needs to be primed, i'm not sure to be totally honest. Warm, cold, single layer and inverted roof bituminous waterproofing systems are available from SOPREMA as well. Price Addition Info. The surface of the screed should be finished according to the type of wearing surface or flooring that is to be laid. take account of possible differential. Also available are crack and hole repair products, line marking paints and symbols, and garage floor paints. Neverthel. You can screed/self levelling compound over bitumen no problem- just 2 coats of SBR dIluted 1-4 with water over bitumen, allow to dry, pour SL. Page 1 of 2Monolithic screeds should be laid within three hours of the concrete sub-floor being poured. Sounds like dpm (damp proof membrane) if it’s solid hard like glass and brittle check if your floor has been damp proofed if was under vinyl tiles not bitumen about 20 years ago the adhesive use. (29) £3. Flexible – using asphalt floor screed takes away any worries about uneven settling and crack formation damaging the floor or the covering placed upon it. If you were to take the insulating paint route, you could make significant savings. 10mm thick and used as a floor levelling screed. Nev. Andrew Golle clears up the confusion surrounding screeds and explains the difference between waterproofing above or below. 3 Terms and definitions 1. Dries in 24 Hours. Mainly in one area only 1-2m2, so hoping I can just clean them off and re-glue with lecol 5500. Using a spirit level to check the level of a floor and measure thickness of screed required. 3. Floating Screed (Minimum thickness 75mm / 65mm for light loading) A levelling screed that is laid on a compressible layer such as thermal or sound insulating material should be at least 65mm thick or, if containing heating pipes a minimum of 75mm thick. 7 m (8' - 15' 6") Maximum Paving Width. I'm here to talk about Asphalt… A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4. . For example, when laying 35mm thick flags, the screed level will be established at 27-30mm below finished paving level, leaving the paving 5-8mm high which is then tapped down to the correct level. The under surface is finished with a polyethylene foil of 12 micron thickness. But, it can also contain asbestos and this is when you will need. It provides a good, smooth, hard-wearing floor surface, making it popular in construction. It can be used as a base for resin finishes. Vogele. Asphalt/bitumen floor repair before screeding and fitting amtico . Our calculator supports three mix ratios: 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. 5 mm) (No. It removes differences in thickness from 1-10mm. Like a lot of houses of that age, the ground floor is bitumen/asphalt over a concrete screed. Asphalt crews rely on the screed to ensure surfaces are smooth, properly textured, and ready for compaction. We service over HDB, condo in Singapore. Two parts, Solvent-free; Good flexibility, withstand micro cracks in concrete; Go to product. This was screwed to the concrete floor underneath, also stuck down with loads of stinky bitumen. Ground Floor - Most floors were concrete, often comprising a layer of hardcore (often industrial waste), a 100mm concrete slab and a granolithic screed covered with thermoplastic tiles bedded in bitumen (often with no separate DPM). 28 Jun 2008. Fixit Super Latex Pagel ZL10 Pagel U40 Dr. There are three main types of screed – bonded, unbonded and floating. An easy-to-use floor levelling compound – just add water in correct quantity as directed, mixing with a suitable Mixing Paddle and Drill for a minimum of 2 minutes Absorbent surfaces – Concrete and sand/cement screeds must be primed with Setcrete™ Acrylic Primer diluted in the ratio of 1 part primer to 7 parts waterBituminous Membrane. All screeds and smoothing compounds all have have different slump ratios. Concrete Repair. This is particularly important when the levelling out an uneven substrate. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. I believe that what is on that floor is probably Marley (or similar) vinyl or linoleum tile. Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. After extensive data collecting, we’ve found that the savings over the life of a chromium carbide screed is between $12,000 and $13,000, depending on the make of screed. However, I contacted a specialist anyway, and we are looking at £400 + VAT to remove the tiles. #1 Hi, I'm doing a kitchen modernisation in my ex-Council house which was built in 1947. 3, Prime the slc layer with suitable product for slc. Removal of the tiles is non-licensed work, ie. For levelling or smoothing differences in thickness of 1-10 mm to receive all types of floor coverings. In our trade, it's most commonly used in its form as a thickish, gloopy white liquid, which echoes its roots as a. £20 per m2. Lee Toop. Flooring Components – Top coat; Flooring Components – Wear Course; Floor Components – Base Coat;. Suitable for use over plywood substrates and MAPEI surface applied DPMs in most cases without priming. Organic or fungal growth must be removed. Mastic Asphalt Screed should be laid directly to the primed concrete/ sand & cement screed wherever possible. I believe as long as it's floor grade asphalt/bitumen you can tile straight to it. Hard trowel screed - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the slab concrete. Bonded or Un-bonded. Building products Quality assured building products for. N. Get a contractor in to do it correctly for you. We get loads of sub floored Ashphalted as it’s great for a Dpm and building the levels up from parquet wood being taken up. The asphalt screed provides a membrane to the surface of the concrete floor preventing moisture within the constructional slab causing decay to the floor coverings. Technical Data. C-Bed may be used for internal and external applications. A Tables of U-values and thermal conductivity 6. In most rooms, the tiles are still in place, in varying conditions. 1300 788 780. It was commonly used to glue floor tiles in place and can be found in many buildings constructed before 2000. BS 8218:1998, Code of practice for mastic asphalt roofing. Remove parquet and. How to paint concrete floors to look like marble - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the sl. Self-levelling smoothing compound, designed for smoothing and levelling internal floors. . b. Repair Materials. I would use a latex screed (f-Ball green bag) with 114 latex. On gypsum plasters prior to smoothing with cementitious products. A few floors were finished with wooden blocks laid in bitumen. For problem floors, especially on refurbishment. Always allow the new floor to set before laying your finished. Screwfix Select. take account of possible differential. Firstly, apply WAKOL MS330 Primer DPM in one layer. Asphalt floors. I have damp coming up around the edges in some rooms kitchen, lounge and all along a newly built internal partition stud wall. Moreover, the screed and LVT will prevent moisture evaporation, further exacerbating the problem. The cost of flow screed is between £10 and £16 per square meter, based on a 50mm thickness and a daily coverage of up to 1,500 square meters. The cost of flow screed is between £10 and £16 per square meter, based on a 50mm thickness and a daily coverage of up to 1,500 square meters. A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4. It can be applied over virtually any substrate such as old adhesive residues and ceramics.