The Liner is applied above or below a ground floor slab to. Delivery Free delivery available (restrictions apply) Log in to buy. Flat Roof Solutions. The paint is latex based and will dry to a durable semi-gloss finish. 99. Damp Proof Membrane is a loose laid, low density, strong 1000-gauge polyethylene membrane. Our Thistle Multi Finish Plaster is a gypsum finish plaster that is quick and easy to apply with a reliable setting time. Geotextile fabrics. 2 The nominal characteristics are shown in Table 1. 2. There may not be a course or membrane, gaps in the course or membrane, or the ground may be higher. If you need help with a specification, our team are here to help. 2 The minimum requirement for backfilling is that a granular, free-draining material is used with theIn this complete Basement waterproofing kit you will get. Our technical downloads library provides you with all your requirements for your next project, from our comprehensive datasheets to our thorough range of standard details. Thickness: 0. £649. 5 x 20m; Wickes Green Polythene Vapour Barrier - 2. Check your local branch stock. 5mm – 1mm and with varying stud sizes from 1mm – 8mm. It can also be used to isolateIf there is moisture under the plastic after 2-3 days this would indicate rising damp. Asian Paints SmartCare Damp Proof Ultra and Damp Proof are the ultimate solutions for roof waterproofing. 1200g polythene Damp proof Membrane (DPM) is a heavy- duty sheet that is ideal for preventing the access of. Waterproof Floor Membrane 5m². Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane. Our technical staff are able to advise you on all aspects of damp proofing and structural waterproofing, for any job large or small. It sits between the concrete and the underlay floor covering. Damp proofing modified bitumen membrane ; Provide a moisture and water barrier Things to consider Installation must follow normal good practice for the detailing of DPCs, as set in the relevant clauses of BS 5628: Part 3:2001; The DPC must extend through the full thickness of the wall or wall-leaf, including. 5m x 4m) 2,054. Our Black Breg Polythene DPM is a heavy- duty membrane polythene sheet, that has been designed to prevent moisture from the ground entering a property. Our BBA Approved 1200 gauge damp-proof sheeting measures 4m wide x 25m long. DPCs prevents the movement of moisture or water from one part of the construction to another. A damp-proof membrane is required when using certain insulation materials – such as mineral wool, cellulose, etc. Clean any mildew and mould with bleach or vinegar spray. Damp-proof membranes come in different forms. £52. - Accredited by the British Board of Agrement (BBA: 94/3009) - Comprehensive range to satisfy most domestic and low-rise buildings. Damp-proofing floors with damp-proof membranes is best done by professional contractors. Whether it be in Brisbane, Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne or anywhere else between, we can come out and do the job for you**. 2. Designed for use on new and existing structures. 25m. Let’s take a look at how these membranes function. Damp-Proof Membranes (DPM) play a critical role in modern construction by acting as barriers to moisture transmission from the ground into the building fabric. Essentially, this is a plastic mesh sheet specially formulated to ensure that moisture cannot penetrate. Water-based, liquid applied, waterproof membrane. Upload your proof of business, fill out your details, and we'll give you your trade card number then and there so you can buy online and in-branch straight away. This reduces the risk of harmful interstitial condensation by ensuring that any moisture within the. 75 m2 1. 80 (Ex VAT) SKU: 1760 Category: Waterproofing & Damp Proofing Brand: Visqueen. Damp is a common problem in the UK in many types of buildings and comes in many forms e. Tanking A Concrete Garage Floor With Damp Proof Membrane. Dryrod Hole Clearing Tool - Steel. Enjoying every moment you are scrolling through our website. It sits between the concrete and the underlay floor covering. 5 Kg Ascoflex Super Elastomeric Liquid Applied Damp Proofing Membrane. The cost to waterproof a basement. Damp proofing membranes protect different parts of a structure from damage arising from damp, including mould and mildew, and the risk of rotten timber. VAT £104. 2 litres per m² upto 25m² per 5 litre container. You might find that your penetrating damp is being caused by water leaking from gutters and downpipes on the outside of your home, so examine them for cracks. A damp proof course 150mm above ground level can keep out rising damp that. Waterproofing and Tanking. SECTION 07 13 00 PRE-APPLIED SHEET MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING . Allsheet is a 500-micron multi-layer damp proofing membrane manufactured from virgin resin flexible polyethylene. Brand: Ascolite. waterproof protection for foundation walls ; Liquid applied membrane ; Water-based - no fumes See full list on ecotileflooring. Our 2000 Gauge damp-proof membrane, which is also BBA Approved, is supplied in 4m x 12. Browse our huge range of; kitchens, bathrooms, doors, windows and 1000's more specialist products online, ready to pick up at your local branch today. The Cost of Damp-proofing in 2023. One of the best membranes to effectively protect the underground parts of the building against dampness. Installing a damp proof membrane. If using as a damp proofing membrane dress the Bitubond self adhesive membrane to the damp proof course level. DPM is short for damp-proof membrane, a class of waterproofing often used in construction to prevent water damage. Thank you for contacting Visqueen. Can be over painted after 16 hours with most types of floor coatings. When water rises within the wall it will allow ground salts. If the slab is in poor condition then the most comprehensive solution is often to replace it and install a new damp proof membrane below. Delivery Free delivery available (restrictions apply) Log in to buy. The membrane provides a physical barrier between the existing damp wall and the new finish. £99. Check your local branch stock. all your floor underlay needs are taken care of at Selco. We will make sure you have the right damp proofing product to get the job done. One coat of Damp Proof Membrane will hold back rising damp permanently. Damp Proof Membranes (DPMs) can be used to help resolve damp issues which already exist or to avoid moisture problems in the future. If you have any queries in the meantime, please do not hesitate to contact our office on 0333 202. 94 Inc VAT. Sika Igakol Read more Sika Igasol Read more Sika Topseal protection 107 Read more Sikamur Injectocream-100 Read more Sika Bitumen Read more Aquaseal Waterproof Tanking Membrane Read more 908 Dpm Read more Ultracure Damp Proofing Cream Read more Renderproof Cement Additive Read more No More Damp Ep40 Epoxy Floor. Some problems involves salt damp, lateral damp, rising damp & mould. Overview. BBA Damp Proof Membrane Handi-Pak Black 3m x 4m (300mu) ★★★★★ ★★★★★ £13. exterior sealing,. 1200ga DPM Black Damp Proof Membrane 4m x 25m. The product is a durable, easy to use and puncture resistant barrier designed to stop moisture. VAT £87. Applying a damp proof membrane for walls can be an excellent solution for damp problems in the home. 99. $ 32 80. Sikaproof membrane is a 1- component,water based, bitumen polymer modified waterproofing,cold applied liquid membrane. Returns & Refunds. There are many types of waterproofing materials. Easily applied by roller or brush. Visqueen Zedex CPT High Performance DPC 20m x 600 x 0. A roof with a pitch of less than 10° is considered flat. Ultracure Damp Proof DPC Cream is a BBA Approved silane based DPC Cream used for injection into brickwork for the control of Rising Damp. Get unlimited free shipping in 164+ countries with desertcart Plus membership. Browse our downloads section below to find the latest support documents and services made available to you. The 3mm meshed damp proofing membrane provides a firm key and impermeable barrier on any damp or deteriorating surface. Objective: The objective of this Method statement is to describe about materials, surface preparation, application procedure, safety measures and tools & equipment etc. Novia 1600G Radon Barrier is an approved blown polythene material suitable for use as a radon barrier damp proof membrane in solid concrete ground floors that are not subject to hydro-static pressure. Table 1 Nominal characteristics of Damplas Damp-proof Membranes Characteristic (unit) Grade Damplas 250 Damplas 300 Damplas 500 Thickness* (µm) 250 300 500 Width* (m) 4 4 4 Roll length* (m) 15, 25 15, 25 12. 75 Ex VAT £2. Order Cromar Vent 3 Lightweight Breathable Roofing Membrane Dark Grey 50m x 1m at Screwfix. 56 per m 2. This product is made from a minimum of 90% recycled post-consumer waste plastic. Cellar waterproofing. The average cost of damp proofing varies depending on the method used,. 84 Inc VAT. 99. 6 of. Still that may not solve a "rising damp" issue. Key. BBA Damp Proof Membrane Handi-Pak Black 3m x 4m (300mu) ★★★★★ ★★★★★ £13. Cost + VAT (low to high) Average cost. Bond-It Damp Proof Course (DPC) Membrane 100mm X 30 Metre roll - Flexible, Durable, Safe and Clean to Handle Meets BS6515. Read our Guide on 'How To Identify & Treat Rising Dampness On Walls'. Groundwater should be tested for any type of sulphate that can contaminate the base flooring and if so, the membrane should be placed under the slab. C. Available : With Paper Core or Coreless, Black or Natural, Thickness or Length available according to your application. Check your local branch stock. We still need to remove a bit more of the rubble on the surface and level out everything before we can. Cut the damp proof membrane to size using scissors. Once the source of the damp problem has been identified, make sound any structural defects and remove any internal finishes so the wall is back to the original substrate. High Resistance to Breaking and Puncture Loads; Suitable for Under Asphalt and Other Hot-Applied Roading; Go to product. 5 Items Found. Capital Valley Plastics Ltd Black 250 Micron Damp proof membrane, (L)3m (W)4m. The use of damp proof membrane in construction is regulated by British Standards, which state that the sheet should be at least 1200 gauge (or 300 micrometres). Upload your proof of business, fill out your details, and we'll give you your trade card number then and there so you can buy online and in-branch straight away. Monarflex® 2000 Gauge DPM - A loose laid, polyethylene damp proof membrane for horizontal ground supported or suspended slab applications without hydrostatic water pressure. Where insulation is concerned, fitting a damp-proof membrane is important, as it safeguards the insulating properties of the material. Available in 380ml Cartridges, 1 Litre Cartridges and 3 Litre Buckets. 100mm overlap USB Tape Surface bed NHBRC-SHBM. Whether you need a vapour barrier, thermal. Black Jack DPM provides an. 99 ex. Damp proofing, on the other hand, is not an effective barrier for water under pressure. Show: To prevent moisture and rising damp, browse through our range of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) available at unbeatable trade prices today. Two options are available when faced with a damp floor: Replace the damp floor. Tel: +60 3 5510 8810 Fax: +60 3 5518 8202This is done by either installing a damp proof course membrane or fitting a second ‘fault’ floor and adding insulation between the two layers. £ 62. The high vapour permeability and weather-resistant nature of this triple-layer engineered fabric provide a permanent quality underlay. 80. 2. Damplas DPM is used as a membrane within a range of building applications, preventing water ingress in vulnerable areas. At Selco, we stock a wide selection of waterproofing equipment to ensure your tiling installations are fully protected. Before starting the installation. Our waterproof duct tape is water resistant and extremely versatile and can be employed for use with both doors and windows. Rising damp is a form of dampness that occurs when ground water rises-up through walls, floors and masonry via a capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or wicking) drawing moisture up though porous elements of a building’s fabric. Ask a question. Downloads. Damp proofing is an essential part of building which greatly reduces the risk of water damage to properties. $ 36. Our range of damp proofing. Can be used at an underlayment under laminate on basement floors w/o OSB or Plywood. Asian Paints SmartCare Damp Proof is a fiber reinforced elastomeric liquid applied water proofing membrane. The current recommendations for an effective damp proof membrane are that the ground should be constructed using screed with the damp proof membrane laid either on top or below that layer. while stocks last. View. Solshield Ultra Gas Barrier is a multi-layer low density polyethylene (LDPE) gas barrier and damp-proof membrane reinforced with a polypropylene grid with an integral aluminium foil. 3. We've got stacks of stock at exclusive trade prices. The recommended plaster for a Mesh Membrane is Tarmac Whitewall One Coat. Ultracure is supported by BBA Certification Certificate No: 02/3961. Our range of waterproofing equipment covers everything from anti-crack tile underlay and joint tape, to waterproof wall matting and and shower seal membrane. Damp Proof Membrane: Hydraguard limits the. Polythene Damp Proof Membrane 250MU 10m². A damp-proof membrane (DPM) is a membrane material applied to prevent moisture. It is a membrane layer which sits between the concrete and the underlayment, but it is not a liquid. Delta PT-Lath Plaster Membrane Fixing Plugs (200) inc Drill Bit (with or without seal) £ 37. The Wrekin Multitrack Non-Woven Geotextile Membrane 10 x 4. Quick and easy to use. +44 (0) 845 400 3333. Delivery Next day available Quantity: Product added for Click & Collect. Delivery Free delivery available (restrictions apply) Log in to buy. The mesh provides an excellent key so you can plaster straight onto it. All types of floor coverings can be installed on top of a plastic membrane. There are many advantages to flat roofs; they can offer extra usable space on the top of a building or additional areas for installation of HVAC and various plant and solar panels. Constructed with reinforced cross-weave fibre single sided PVC tape is ideal for ensuring joints of damp proof membranes are firmly held together. ASTM E 96 – E. Damp Proof Membranes / By Carl. 1 x T Channel Drain. Damp Proof Membrane - DPM - 4x25m Roll. Outperforms competing cream and gel-based rising. The isolation of. Permagard - Providing Solutions. A damp-proof membrane is a moisture inhibiting foil that is 100% watertight. FREE next day delivery available, free collection in 1 minute. The membrane can support a 65 mm screed or an insulated floating floor. £. Once you have repaired your current damp problems, a foil backed. ARDEX WPM 5000HD Shelterseal. Shop online with Click & Collect and next day delivery available. Buy Sika Sikamur Injectocream-100 Damp Proof Membrane Liquid 300ml at trade exclusive prices. If you’re looking for cavity drain waterproofing supplies near you, we have a depot just off the M5 where you can click and collect from our trade counter. 2. Note: A range of polyethylene films can be used, including black film and orange film, provided they satisfy the requirements for high impact. Item Code: 527780701. You are placing it on top of the insulation, and so when the warm air comes through, when. 5mm Thickness 100mm X 10m , wt 2. The non-woven geotextile membrane allows for easy drainage, filtration and stabilisation while remaining strong and durable. 03 per square metre. It is recommended that the sheet should be at least 0. Inspiring Confidence. Comprising of high density polypropylene membrane. Applying a damp proof membrane to an internal wall is an excellent solution for damp issues in many situations. 4 x 380ml Ultracure Kit. This water crate is easy to assemble and can be installed beneath gardens, pedestrian areas and driveways with light traffic. 81 Inc VAT. Some of the best and most common include; Polyurethane, Cementitious Coating, EPDM Rubber, Rubberized Asphalt, Thermoplastic, Bituminous Membrane, and PVC Waterproofing. They are inserted into 12mm holes drilled along the mortar course. Ultracure Damp-proofing Cream 380 ml (comes with extendable plastic nozzle) Ultracure Damp-proofing Cream 600 ml. Buildings have been dampproofed for years, a practice that used to be. 2M X 14M 1000G Black Heavy Duty Polythene Plastic Building Dust Rubble Sheet DIY. No 18, Jalan Utas 15/7, Seksyen 15, 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan . Select options. Sign in for trade prices. Damp proofing. Mapelastic AquaDefense is a quick-drying, thin liquid membrane that you can apply with a brush or roller over the installation area to avoid a leaking shower. When water drains to the sump chamber, a submersible pump then pumps the water away through internal pipes to a safe evacuation point like an external drain. When dampness occurs on the concrete, the. 3. Damp proofing 8, Damp-proofing barriers – tanking in association with chemical damp-proofing courses, Property Care Association, 2007; Damp proofing 10, Hygroscopic salts and rising dampness, Property Care Association, 2007; RIBA CPD . Roller applied, Hydraguard is a Liquid Damp Proof Membrane used to limit moisture release; improve the strength of substrates; seal pin holes and air pockets and provide an enhanced surface for bonding for subsequent coatings. This waterproof layer for floors also. Item Code: 232871433. Ensure that the ground behind steps in slabs is properly drained and a damp-proof membrane is provided. Made from recycled materials. Aluma Flash Plus is a self. Our range of damp proofing products includes everything from damp proofing paint and damp seal, to tanking slurry and damp proof membrane. Easy to Use. R. 5m². 25mm) thick perfect for providing damp proofing security throughout the lifetime of a building. £73. In the context of below-grade protection, dampproofing refers to treating a surface to resist the passage of moisture in the absence of hydrostatic conditions. The EPDM rubber roofing membranes are manufactured in widths upto 6. The. It was also suffering from a small amount of penetrating damp. EN 13967. Man Kian Hardware & Trading Sdn Bhd - DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE Selangor, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (KL), Puchong , We offer a variety of products such as plumbing equipment, power tools, hand tools, safety products, electrical appliances, chemical products, household accessories, industrial products and building materials. It helps stop moisture passing from one to the other. Item Code: 405680954. Permagard – 30 Years of Damp Proofing Experience At Permagard, we sell a range of high-quality basement waterproofing products . Wykamol No More Damp Dry Mesh Waterpoof Tanking Kit 20m². Damp proof membrane Trade Store (1) 635 products Compare Sort Sort Capital Valley Plastics Ltd Green 125 Micron Moisture barrier 2 options (2) £ 14. Overview. Withstands 98% RH. IKO Rubershield. This method of the Damp Proof Course requires injecting fluid or liquid into the wall to prevent the moisture from the ground from rising above the damp proof course, which functions as a layer that repels water. Dive in for further information on damp proofing membranes and how they help combat dampness problems. Simply call us on 0117 982 3282. £68. Ask a question. Click & Collect Available for collection. Pro Clima Intello Plus Vapour Check Membrane - 1. Our team of experts will gladly visit you and provide a survey of your damp concerns, recommending the most efficient solution for your personal needs or requirements. This Waterproof Floor Membrane is quick and easy to apply. The product is easy to lay and comes in multi-fold rolls. - Chemical damp-proof course - chemical solution (damp-proof cream) injected into the mortar joint of effected walls through drilled holes to create waterproof barrier and prevent moisture rising above the new damp proof course. Damp-Proof Course (DPC): Damp Proof Course is a wall through the structure by stripe action known as rising damp, it is the effect of water rising from the ground to the building. 5mm thick and available in 4 x 12,5 m roll size. Delivery Information. Thanks for the tip, I think I will go for the 11mm, a lot of reviews say it is worth the extra. Damp Proof Membrane. Damp Proofing View Category Water-proofing & Gas Control View Category Structural Repairs View Category Timber Treatments. The membrane can be used alongside Wykamol. Fixing them could well solve the problem. An effective barrier against moisture, Damplas DPM is manufactured from 100% recycled polyethene and is suitable for use as a "Type A" damp proof membrane. 39 incl VAT. Add to Basket. So yes, a vapour barrier is required under a concrete slab for a Class 1 building (a dwelling) and for Class 10 (eg a garage) where the slab is continuous with the dwelling. com. It is important to ensure that installation is carried out in accordance with Clause 11 of CP 102: 1973 and the relevant clauses of BS 8000-4:. Check your local branch stock. Cut the damp proofing membrane to size. It is ideal for damp proofing and drainage in basements and underground walls. Packaging Size: 5 Kg. Amongst other benefits, each membrane provides a barrier to minimise the wind uplift load, wind driven rain, snow and dust as well as transporting any unwanted moisture resulting from ingress. 99 Ex VAT £37. The earlier a DPC can be installed, the more likely you are to avoid creating a damp environment. 72 Inc VAT. Bituminous damp-proof membrane. 5m (L x W) is manufactured using a unique thermal bonding process and has excellent filtration properties. 1. Inspiring Confidence. An epoxy damp proof membrane is a product formulated to create a barrier between your floor and the layer below. BBA Damp Proof Membrane Handi-Pak Black 3m x 4m (300mu) ★★★★★ ★★★★★ £13. Penetrating damp is the process of moisture moving from the exterior wall of a building to the interior. From the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s a typical concrete floor comprised a layer of hardcore, a polythene damp proof membrane laid on a thin bed of sand (to prevent puncturing), and a floor screed. View Product. Older properties were built with different methods, see out extensive guide for help. View all: Radbar Membranes & Barriers. £ 62. Our technology is available in two different formulations – emulsion and solvent. 5m x 20m £134. 30mm. Liquid Damp Proof Membrane Hydraguard is a High Performance Primer. Apply a second coat of Cemflex® slurry that will act as a bonding agent and while the second coat is still wet and tacky, apply the plaster where Sikalite® has been added into the mixture. A second-generation breather membrane, which conforms to BS 5534: 2014 and has BBA certification** to support its use within fully supported or unsupported tiled or slated roofing systems. Our easy to install range is available in various thicknesses up to 0. Capital Valley Plastics Ltd Damp-Proof Membrane Black 1200ga 15m x 4m (59191) (150) compare. com. Overview. Pay in 30 days. BBA certified - third party accreditation. A vapour barrier, on the other hand, is a damp proofing product attached to a wood floor underlay to reduce moisture passage. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. Thickness: 1200ga. They both refer to plastic sheets that prevent the ingress of gas into a building. Click & Collect Available for collection. This was mainly coming through one. 06 per m² £63. DryRod damp proofing rods are the latest technology for the treatment of rising damp. IKO also offer a number of on-line webinars which can be organised at your convenience. Dial & Deliver. Get a Selco Trade Card or login now. Preparation is the main thing for the layers, and the substrate should be dry and clean. the tile used are limestone and after the sealant was applied the tiles have started slipping down the wall and falling off. 25 mm thick (1200 gauge). 4. Get a Selco Trade Card or login now. Excellent Elongation. While damp proof membranes are used under floors to stop damp rising up into the building, vapour control membranes prevent moisture from inside the building. £. In fact, those multi-functional membranes protect people from gas. com. Direct excess water away from your shed’s roof and base with roof guttering. 97 - £ 24 View options. One of the best membranes to effectively protect the underground parts of the. Damp proofing costs. However, they are not always a strict requirement. Contains no. Also acts as a damp-proof membrane. Penetrating damp is caused by water that enters the home from outside, including the walls, roof, or ceiling. Item Code: 222720262. Flexible - easy to detail and install on site. 5 Items Found. Boasting the best. A DPC layer should be placed between courses of brick 150mm (6in) above ground level in both the exterior and interior leaves of cavity walls. Learn more. 10 of Volume One of the NCC and SA 3. 64. The best kind of DPM to use in pond lining are those produced to be used as pond liner, especially if your pond will have fish in it. 15 m2 1. This product is made from a minimum of 90% recycled post-consumer waste plastic. Covering Essex County - Ilford to Colchester and up to Stansted. A foil backed board should not be used to cover up existing cases of damp. Coverage: 15sqft/Kg for 2 coats. Get Waterproofing Products at Trade-Only Prices. If. £68. 10. Sold & shipped by B&Q (6) Write a review £ 21. Item Code: 405680952. £2. Overlap all sheets by 75mm. When installing an underlay process, roll out the damp-proof membrane the same way you do a carpet and cut to size. BBA Damp Proof Membrane Handi-Pak Black 3m x 4m (250mu) ★★★★★. £63. (£1. Dryzone DPC Cream Foil Applicator Gun. This DPMs thickness is the recommended 300μm and 1200 gauge which provides an effective and high-qua. An easy to apply damp proofing seal paint, Wykamol's No More Damp Technoseal DPM 5ltr Black provides an effective waterproofing barrier. March 2010 Specification 1050 (I) Page 2 of 2 Manitoba Infrastructure and Transportation 6. Drybase 2mm Plaster Membrane Mesh (2m x 20m) - Low-Profile Plaster Membrane For Use on Damp Walls. Fully waterproof & leak proof solution. Your enquiry has been received and a member of our team will be in touch within 24 hours (Mon-Fri). Specifications. 99. Product code: 133882. Solcourse DPM is commonly used as a moisture barrier to prevent moisture rising into a buildings. The DPM can be used as either. 01 SECTION INCLUDES: A. ) is introduced in between the source of dampness and the part of the building adjacent to it. This damp proofing option is a specially designed plastic that you lay on the concrete and trim as needed to cover the entire floor. For a complete building envelope solution to liquid waterproofing membranes, ARDEX is your best. Or if you need a free bulky delivery, we can arrange that too. An acrylic brush-on membrane, Dunlop Damp-Proof Waterproofing will prevent rising damp, efflorescence and will resist negative hydrostatic pressure. The average cost of basement waterproofing ranges from $2,300 to $7,575, with a national average of $4,920. Order Capital Valley Plastics Ltd Damp-Proof Membrane Black 1000ga 3m x 4m at Screwfix. Methods of Damp Proofing. Rising Damp. 08 each (Inc. Monarflex® 2000 Gauge DPM - A loose laid, polyethylene damp proof membrane for horizontal ground supported or suspended slab applications without hydrostatic water pressure.