Analysis of William Wycherley’s Plays By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on May 22, 2019 • ( 0). The potential future for the basic system. Thorp is a mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. in English - [Rev. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. Ed is surely a man of chance with his career in gambling, games and finances. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in Beat the Dealer he. In summary, I will present the reader an overview of strategies used in blackjack to beat the dealer and about the winning chances of using these strategies under the rules that are currently used in casinos. Share Beat the Forex Dealer everywhere for free. 4 4 Beat The Dealer A Winning Strategy For The Game Of Twenty 2021-04-30 Work (Salesman tells all) Must. : 342 It is the most widely played casino banking game in the world. A child of the Great Depression, legendary mathematician Edward O. 0+. A pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, Thorp’s bestselling book, Beat the Dealer, mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. If the dealer did not roll a 12, then the player will roll two dice. As a result he launched a gambling renaissanceSelf publishing . . Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One 5. Edward O Thorp is widely known as the author of the 1962 Beat the Dealer, which was the first book to prove mathematically that blackjack could be beaten by card counting, and the 1967 Beat the Market, which showed how warrant option markets could be priced and beaten. Business Started: 1/11/1957. He is regarded as one of the best hedge fund managers in the world. Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One, ISBN 0-394-70310-3 Edward O. on the short sale of the common shares. Thorp invented card counting, proving the seemingly impossible: that you could beat the dealer at the blackjack table. I good dealer. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in this classic guide he shares the revolutionary point system that has been successfully used by professional and amateur card players for generations. You have two cards face up in front of your bet. He is regarded as one of the best hedge fund managers in the world. opensource. Editor's Review of the Beat the Dealer. It is one of egos and money, where millions of dollars are won and lost every day and phones are routinely thrown across hectic trading desks. Learn from an industry insider the truth behind dirty dealer practices including: stop-hunting, price shading. Summary Edward Thorp on "To Tell the Truth" (February 3, 1964) 10 Tricks Casinos Don't Want You To Know 4 People Who Beat The Casino The Slot Machine - 4 4 Beat The Dealer A Winning Strategy For Game Of Twenty One Edward O Thorp 2023-07-08 When to Bet Maximum Coins Slot Machines - How to Win and How They Work (Salesman tells. Rules. Kassouf, influenced securities markets around the globe. . Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One. Beat The Dealer A Winning Strategy For Game Of Twenty One Edward O Thorp 1. The bet isAnalysis. ISBN-10: 0394703103. This book provides: o an overview of the basic rules of the game o proven. Sell, buy or rent Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One 9780394703107 0394703103, we buy used or new for best buyback price with FREE shipping and offer great deals for buyers. $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ Taking insurance is not a good strategy to employ unless you are counting cards and know exactly when it is to your advan-$$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ 20 $$$$$ How To Beat The Dealer At Any Casino $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ tage to do. 7 million. Random House Publishing Group, 2017. These rules are slightly different for other variations of twenty-one. Brief Summary of Book: Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One by Edward O. The dealer's second card is used to flip the first card face up and then slid underneath the first card. Usually in blackjack, the dealer must hit on 16 and stand on 17. A pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, Thorp’s bestselling book, Beat the Dealer, mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. Products. William Poundstone. in. Edward O. 4. New York Times Best Seller Edward O. This book stands out among other books of its kind, as it was. Club: $8. Usually in blackjack, the dealer must hit on 16 and stand on 17. Lose - the player's bet is taken by the dealer. beat the dealer summary, Day 2 also begins at 20:00 CEST but on August 3, with the final day starting at, you guessed it, 20:00 CEST on August 4. $399. Otherwise, the game is a push. The object of the game is to beat the dealer. Location of This Business. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Beat the Dealer, a Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty One, the New. A re-read of Ben Mezrich’s book: Bringing Down the House would also be a worthwhile endeavor after reading Beat the Dealer. . "Beat the dealer" just means "win a hand of Blackjack". Beat the Dealer is the bible for players of this game of chance, containing the basic rules of the game, proven winning strategies, how to overcome casino counter measures and spot cheating. The player makes a wager. When you’re dealt a blackjack 21, it’s customary to pay out 3:2 or 2:1. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules. Learn about this topic in these articles: discussed in biography. 805. The Beat The Dealer Tournament will last for 2. So the code that typically comes up is p1393. 30-1 on three of a kind. A Dozen Lessons on Investing from Ed Thorp [Blog Post] 25iq My Views on the Market, Tech, and Everything Else, July, 2017 Scott Patterson. In other words, there is no single best blackjack cheat sheet: You need to check how many decks are used in the game first and decide accordingly. The MIT Blackjack Team first came into existence in 1980. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Beat the Dealer at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!xvi, 396 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates : 25 cm Traces the author's experiences as a mathematics wizard, author, inventor, hedge-fund manager, and card-counter who revealed casino-beating strategies, invented the first wearable computer, and. in. The point to bear in mind is that the more wild cards there are, the better a hand. The dealer waits until the players have exercised all their options, then the dealer reveals their hidden card and hits until they have at least 17 (most common). The dealer cannot have a Joker. A Scientific Stock-Market System. The counting system presented in Beat The Dealer is more difficult than most modern count systems, but it provides interesting reading nonetheless. Text to Speech Listen to docs, articles, PDFs, email – anything you usually read. If a player has an ace, the dealer loses, but the player will win if he has. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in this classic guide he shares the revolutionary point system. The Light Between Oceans: A Novel. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices. Back in the 1960s an author named Edward O. The player automaticaUy receives a. Thorp - Best Free Audiobook Summary Edward Thorp on "To Tell the Truth" (February 3, 1964) 10 Tricks Casinos Don't Want You To Know 4 People Who. Beat the Dealer by Edward O Thorp (pp. Author: Edward O. About this book. Terjemahan frasa PLAYER TRIES TO BEAT THE DEALER dari bahasa inggris ke bahasa indonesia dan contoh penggunaan "PLAYER TRIES TO BEAT THE DEALER" dalam kalimat dengan terjemahannya: As each player tries to beat the dealer one-on-one, other players are simultaneously. As a physicist and mathematician, he tackled the questions of roulette wheels and blackjack games in a scientific way and found that it was. 8 MORE ON WARRANTS AND HEDGING 103 Over-the-counter, regional, and Canadian warrants. . ISBN: 9780394703107. 22,525,200 books booksBuy Beat the Dealer By Edward Oakley Thorp. 00 Free with Audible trial. Neither the player nor the dealer wins if both have the same value. Franchised truck dealers sold 476,040 medium- and heavy-duty trucks in 2022. October 15, 2023. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. Beat The Forex Dealer is a highly recommended book if you are a financial spread better or trader who is looking for an insight into the other side of the deal. The two dealers who chose the $1,000/$500 continued on to try to win an additional prize by picking the higher-suited card out of nine off a game board. A Man for All Markets: From Las Vegas to Wall Street, How I Beat the Dealer and the Market. 5. Random House, $30 (416p) ISBN 978-1-40-006796-1. THORP Elementary Probability Beat the Dealer Other books by SHEEN T. Thorp’s original book Beat The Dealer: A Winning Strategy For The Game Of Twenty-One from Rokomari. A player dealt a Two or a Three can make that card any of the 52 cards in the deck he or she chooses. . The essentials,. Topics. Kassouf , Beat the Market: A. Depending on whether the player guesses the value of the card correctly, the following things happen: 1. Thorp. Sell Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One 0394703103 at BooksRun. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules Over 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. Beat the Dealer is the bible for players of this. Thorp ( Beat the Dealer ), a mathematician, college professor, and millionaire hedge-fund manager, is perhaps best known as the inventor of a card. ISBN-13: 9780394703107. Edward O. If the player has blackjack, they win, unless the dealer also has blackjack, in which case the game is a tie. Download Or Read PDF Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One - Edward O. A pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, Thorp’s bestselling book, Beat the Dealer, mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. 8%. 00$ brokerage account can conduct his own investment program. This had been the book which made the casinos in Las Vegas change all of their rules since the impact of this book had been massive. Salesmen receive abundant training in the “art of the deal. So generally, the odds of the dealer's final score being 16 are 0% because he must hit. He also backed up his theories by playing in the casinos and winning. Try out your blackjack strategy and beat the dealer!BEAT THE FOREX DEALER. As a popular home game, it is played with slightly different rules. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in this classic guide, he shares the revolutionary point system that has been successfully used by professional and amateur. 3. The 21 true story reveals that the real MIT Blackjack Team, on which the movie was based, played in the early 1990s. . View flipping ebook version of Beat the Forex Dealer published by tradersturbo65 on 2022-12-08. Narrated by Marc Cashman. Check Pages 1-50 of Beat the Forex Dealer in the flip PDF version. Wall. Summary. So generally, the odds of the dealer's final score being 16 are 0% because he must hit. 00 brokerage account can conduct his own. This book provides: o an overview of the basic rules of the game. Outside Victoria Area, Dial +1. Cars are commodities - the only thing that matters is the price. With great graphics, simple controls, and the thrill of winning big, this will be a game you play again and again. The following charts outline. II dealer G1'lll player have 1M SlUM lt1tal, not exceeding u. A good introduction to the basic analysis of blackjack, the so-called "basic strategy", which involves no need for card counting. 2 min read · Nov 8--blackjack, also called twenty-one and pontoon, gambling card game popular in casinos throughout the world. 00:00:00. one. 5. D. He. Other books by EDWARD O. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the RulesOver 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. enforcement of various Government policies in an attempt. The invoice is what the dealer pays the manufacturer for the car. The odds of being dealt a natural blackjack are merely 4. Thorp - Beat The Dealer. The first three chapters of Beat The Dealer will give any aspiring blackjack expert an excellent conceptual foundation from which to start. In blackjack, each player has an independent game against the dealer. 1 The latest Eurostat monitoring report (2011 monitoring report of the EU sustainable development strategy), which gives an overview of the EU's sustainable development strategy in 2011, provides a detailed picture of the situation in the EU Member States two years on from the start of the crisis and in this way allows for a critical evaluation both of. As a result of several. Getting a new car or a new-to-you used car can be emotional. The dice are easy to understand. . beat the dealer a winning Another way to win is if the dealer goes over 21 that a solitary third card will give them a position to beat the dealer's eventual hand. Three-Card Poker is a poker game where players try to beat the dealer by having a better three-card poker hand. His subsequent book, Beat the Market, co-authored with Sheen T. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One by Edward O. Details;The hand to score consists of the four cards plus the starter card. One evening, he announces that the key to success is sawdust—and it’s free. Summary. dealer 5-6. A re-read of Ben Mezrich’s book: Bringing Down the House would also be a worthwhile endeavor after reading Beat the Dealer. . Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Explore Beat the dealer in z-library and find free summary, reviews, read online, quotes, related books, ebook resources. Reverse the directions of the passing (first passing left, then across, then to the right). Additional information. Years in Business: 66. The incredible true story of the card-counting mathematics professor who taught the world how to beat the dealer and, as the first of the great quantitative investors, ushered in a revolution on Wall Street. A child of the Great Depression, legendary mathematician Edward O. ph. Edward O Thorp is widely known as the author of the 1962 Beat the Dealer, which was the first book to prove mathematically that blackjack could be beaten by card counting, and the 1967 Beat the Market, which showed how warrant option markets could be priced and beaten. opensource. To outplay the dealers and beat them, players should play favorable blackjack games with a low house edge. • 110 lfll1M1 t:htmga 1umds. Beat the dealer: a winning strategy for the game of twenty-one: a scientific analysis of the world-wide game known variously as blackjack, twenty-one, vingt-et-un, pontoon, or van-john. newer blackjack book. Two of them contained $1,000, the other $100 (or $500 and $50 in earlier versions). Performance through the 1929 crash. Beat the Dealer Summary Beat the Dealer by Edward Oakley Thorp. Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. But, the player's chances can be higher or lower in every. He wrote the popular book, Beat the Dealer, in 1962. Jokers cannot be passed at this time. Get instant access to all your favorite books. Share to Tumblr. Beat the Dealer is the bible for players of this game of chance. The most important blackjack rule is simple: beat the dealer’s hand without going over 21. Professor of Mathematics University of California at. If the player's total is greater than the dealer's total, then the player's wager shall be paid even money. If dealt 12 then stand if the dealer is showing a 4, 5, or 6. Thorp - Wikipedia. There's the excitement of getting behind the wheel of a new ride, tempered by anxiety about the buying process. For showing me many of the methods and devices used by casinos i cheating ad forgiving me «largo amount of Jafomaton on the word of gambling owe a rat investigator for Scot prom tn i eported in Caper 5-. Covering the day-to-day mechanics of the FX market and the unsavoury dealings going on, Beat the Forex Dealer offers traders the market-proven trading techniques needed to side-step dealer traps and develop winning trading methods. , Phone Number (250) 360-6841, is located at 296 Dutnall Road, Victoria, BC, V9C4B4, BC Canada. Before cards are dealt, players place their bets. 6-1 on straights. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in this classic guide he shares the revolutionary point system that has been successfully used by professional and amateur card players for generations. Kassouf , Beat the Market: A. Dealer hits soft 17: If, instead of standing on all 17s, the dealer hits hands including an ace or aces that can be totaled as either 7 or 17, the house edge is increased by 0. If the dealer does not have $$$$$ blackjack, you lose the insurance bet and play continues as nor-$$$$$ mal. Day 18/ 30Book: Beat the DealerAuthor: Edward O. Language. NEW YORK — Jalen Brunson scored 24 points, Immanuel Quickley came off the bench to add 20 and spark a huge turnaround, and the New York Knicks rallied from a 21-point deficit to beat the Miami. KASSOUF Evaluation of Convertible Securities A Theory and an Econometric Model for Common Stock Purchase Warrants BEAT THE MARKET A scientific Stock Market System Random House New York A Scientific Stock. See Full PDF Download PDF. in English - [1st ed. Title: Beat the Dealer Author : Edward O. Growing up during the Great Depression inculcated in him an appreciation for frugality, and it also spawned his business sense. 109: Edward Thorp – The Man Who Beat the Dealer, and Later, Beat the Market. Player decides how to play hand. Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One, 240 pages, Edward O. Introduction. Beat The Dealer by Edward O Thorp - Beat The Dealer. “In A Man for All Markets, [Thorp] delightfully recounts his progress (if that is the word) from college teacher to gambler to hedge-fund manager. Beat the Dealer – Three contestants chose envelopes to start the game. Thorp invented card counting, proving the seemingly impossible: that you could beat the dealer at the blackjack table. The player makes a wager. Perforated cards included in the book are a convenient way to bring the strategies into the casino. 0 hours (the “Tournament Duration”). The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules Over 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. Forward 15 seconds. His subsequent book, Beat the Market, co-authored with Sheen T. ] aaaa. (office) economics@nada. Split 7s against a dealer 2-7. Collection. Double soft 17 or 18 vs. HOW TO BEAT THE DEALER IN ANY CASINO How To Beat The Dealer At Any CasinoThe Proven System ISBN NUMBER1-884350-84-4. With a bet of $10, you keep your $10 and win a further $15 from the dealer. But Matilda is used to the abuse and knows that if she flatters him. Beat the dealer: a winning strategy for the game of twenty-one: a scientific analysis of the world-wide game known variously as blackjack, twenty-one, vingt-et-un, pontoon, or van-john. pdf), Text File (. As a. 1966-05-01. 99. Use silence to your advantage – People feel the need to fill silence. 0 / 4. Wayne IN, Where to Rent BEAT THE DEALER LAYOUT KIT in Fort Wayne Indiana, Warsaw, Syracuse, Auburn, South Bend, Indianapolis IN. Beat the Dealer is the bible for. Thorp invented card counting, proving the seemingly. 1966, Random House. He is regarded as one of the best hedge fund managers in the world. If the player and the dealer both don't bust, whoever is closest to 21 wins. The MIT Blackjack Team first came into existence in 1980. Thorp Free Full Pages Online With Audiobook. Editions for Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One: 0394703103 (Mass Market Paperback published in 1966), (Kindle Edition publis. I test the strategies and show you the best ways to implement them. Which is a glow plug code related code. Thorp is the author of the bestseller Beat the Dealer, which transformed the game of blackjack. If the player busts, the dealer wins. Thorp is a mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in Beat the Dealer he reveals the revolutionary point system that has been successfully. The paper provides evidence about Foreign Exchange Market, its meaning, functional specifications, pros and cons; tryes to brake myths about Forex superiority or spuriousness. If the player guessed wrong twice, he must drink the difference between their second guess and the card’s value. After reading this thesis the reader will thus be able to answer the question can you still beat the dealer?. 240) Written in 1966, this is THE original gambling book. Listen online or offline with Android, iOS, web, Chromecast, and Google Assistant. Login to YUMPU News Login to YUMPU PublishingWelcome! Select a username of your choice. Thorp, Sheen T. You have. Beat the dealer deutsch pdf Rating: 4. OK, you just spent a few hundred dollars on dinner for two. second card face down on each of the split cards. If you go over 21, you go ‘bust’ and you’ve lost. Depending on the rules used, bets may be placed before the deal, after each player has been dealt one card facedown, or after each player has received two cards facedown and the dealer has exposed one of. Growing up during the Great Depression inculcated in him an appreciation for frugality, and it also spawned his business sense. One of the tips for winning at blackjack is that players should bet more money when the true count is high and less when it’s low. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the RulesOver 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. Brief Summary of Book: Beat the Forex Dealer: An Insider’s Look Into Trading Today’s Foreign Exchange Market by Agustin Silvani. Thorp (Author), Nassim Nicholas Taleb (Foreword) 4. The essentials, consolidated in simple charts, can be understood and memorized by the average player. 1 – The evaluation of the conditional probability of dealer ending up with 17, given that the up card is 10. Publication date 1962 Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English. The Plain-Dealer, presented in 1676, satirizes rapacious greed. Thorp released a book that would truly shake the foundations of the casino world. pdf - Free ebook download as PDF File. Text to Speech Listen to docs, articles, PDFs, email – anything you usually read. 00 O-Book 978-1-119-20623-1 December 2015 Available on Wiley Online LibraryBeat the Dealer provides our customer to play to win some of the worlds best cigars. If you have an immediate need for a vehicle, this puts everything into a pressure cooker. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules Over 1,000,000 Copies in Print. Share. 5… A pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, Thorp’s bestselling book, Beat the Dealer, mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. download Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One 0307784010, 978030778401. Today, Blackjack is the one card game that can be found in every American casino. Starting with the player to the left of the poker dealer button, a Texas Hold’em dealer will then deal 2 hole cards to all of the players at the table. Free Related PDFs. Thorp is the father of card counting, and in this classic guide he shares the revolutionary point system that has been successfully used by professional and amateur card players for generations. He is also the author of a guide to investment,Edward O. The payout typically occurs at a 1:1 ratio, meaning you receive an amount equal to your original bet. Ed Thorp, author of Beat the Dealer and Beat the Market, about winning at blackjack and winning in the stock market, takes a very straightforward approach to writing about his life and it works well. He is also the author of a guide to. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules Over 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. Mặc dù gia đình của Edward Thorp nghèo, bố mẹ ông vẫn đề cao giá trị của những cuốn sách và gắng mua nó cho ông khi có dịp. Chance can be thought of us as the cards you are dealt in life. This palpable excitement has led to the explosion of the retail FX. AN YOU STILL BEAT THE DEALER ? H. With a bet of $10, you keep your $10 and win a further $15 from the dealer. The Book That Made Las Vegas Change the Rules Over 1,000,000 Copies in Print Edward O. • 110 lfll1M1 t:htmga 1umds. pdf) or read online for free. Brief Summary of Book: Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One by Edward O. o proven winning strategies ranging from simple to advanced. 22 for Q3 2023, and this was +5% better than the analysts' consensus estimate of S$0. Thorp, Sheen T. This is an audio summary of Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One by Edward O. Split sixes when the dealer shows a two through six. On the other hand, if you have 16 and the dealer's up-card is a 6, your assumption would be that his total is 16, making the dealer more likely than not to bust on the next card. Summary. The goal of blackjack is to beat the dealer’s hand without going over 21. This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction) The Handmaid's Tale. The dealer hands a card face-up to each player and then places a card face-down in front of themselves. There are seven rules in the basic strategy that will help you win more. Edward O Thorp is widely known as the author of the 1962 Beat the Dealer, which was the first book to prove mathematically that blackjack could be beaten by card counting, and the 1967 Beat the Market, which showed how warrant option markets could be priced and beaten. A player may agree with another to exchange up to 3 tiles. . This palpable excitement has led to the explosion of the retail FX. Details are given of actual investments made by the authors, one of whom more then doubled $100,000 in five years. o charts and tables that clearly illustrate key concepts. Split other pairs if the dealer's up card is 2 through 6. Download or stream Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Tw. In other words, there is no single best blackjack cheat sheet: You need to check how many decks are used in the game first and decide accordingly. Kassouf, influenced securities markets around the globe. The dealer will deal your additional cards on the table in front of your bet. Thorp is a mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. ca. A pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, Thorp’s bestselling book, Beat the Dealer, mathematically proved that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. 5 2,339 ratings. rating · 4494 Ratings. Thorp (1966, Trade Paperback, Revised edition) at the best online prices at. Spattered in adrenaline-fueled action and bone-saw-sharp dialogue, Beat the Reaper is a debut thriller so utterly original you won't be able to guess what happens next, and so shockingly entertaining you won't be able to put it down. Table 3. Level 1 Python: Blackjack. The dealer gives a card to each player as well as themselves. Blackjack pays 6-5: Common on single-deck games on the Las Vegas Strip, this game is a bankroll breaker for players. Vea si las dos manos que usted recibe pueden ganarle al crupier. NADA Chief Economist. 66. This book provides: o an overview of the basic rules of the game o proven winning strategies ranging from simple to advanced o methods to overcome casino counter measures o ways to spot cheating o charts and tables that clearly illustrate key concepts A fascinating read and an indispensable resource for winning big, Beat the Dealer is the bible. Edward O. Username . Edward O. 6% from October 2022’s 14. The Alice Network: A Reese's Book Club Pick. Special. Hit or Stand.