kelly criterion formula for excel. exp E log ( R) = p log ( 1 + f b) + ( 1 − p) log ( 1 − f a) = ( 1 + f b) p ( 1 − f a) 1 − p ≡ r. kelly criterion formula for excel

 
exp E log ( R) = p log ( 1 + f b) + ( 1 − p) log ( 1 − f a) = ( 1 + f b) p ( 1 − f a) 1 − p ≡ rkelly criterion formula for excel  The Kelly bet size is found by maximizing the expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the expected geometric growth rate

More precisely, Kelly tells you how much to invest in a given asset where you know the expected return and the volatility of the asset if you want to. So, for a bet with a 70% chance to win the optimal wager size is 40% of available funds. kelly criterion excel - ExcelisanextremelypowerfulprogramthatcanbeusedforvariousbettingrelatedsituationsandnonemoresothancalculatingtheKellycriterion. KELLY CRITERION | Ed Thorp | Optimal Position Sizing For Stock TradingThe Kelly Criterion calculation was created by Ed Thorp and made specifically to beat t. The Kelly Criterion is a method of management that helps you calculate how much money you might risk on a trade, given the level of volatility in the market. Even with the key, this formula can be a bit confusing for a few reasons. XIRR Calculator. What is the Kelly Criterion? In a nutshell, the Kelly Criterion is nothing more than a mathematical formula that calculates what percentage of your funds should be allocated to a particular bet (or investment). By using the Kelly criterion formula, you can make informed decisions about the optimal size of your bets or investments to maximize long-term growth. The generic syntax is COUNTIF(range, criteria), where "range" contains the cells to count, and "criteria" is a condition that must be true for a cell to be counted. 5. 7) / 0. Example of the optimal Kelly betting fraction, versus expected return of other fractional bets. The Annals of. 098 0. * R = Historical Average Win/Loss ratio. Under few conditions, using Monte Carlo simulations with different scenarios we prove that the Kelly criterion beats any other approach in many aspects. It is one of the few betting strategies with a formula or. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Kelly system betting provides an objective answer on how to make your bankroll grow as fast as possible. The formula has a number of applications, one of which is sports betting. where. The equation tells you exactly how much to bet on each “hand” so that you can survive to keep playing. The Kelly Criterion is comprised of two basic components. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. , Can the Kelly Formula be generated in Excel? If not, do you know where I can find one for multiple outcomes (3 or more)? I am looking to use it. Although it may appear confusing, it’s actually pretty simple. 034 or 3. Determine the bet amount according to the Kelly criterion using the formula : ((K x P - 1) / (K - 1)) x R x B , where K is the odds, P is your probability estimate, B is the pot size, R is the percentage of successful bets. The formula of R is a piecewise function expressed as: R1 = (-60), when the J is less or equal to than A R2 = (-10+(J - A)), when J. Kelly, who was a member of a research center at AT&T’s Bells Lab, New Jersey in 1956. We’ll go through an example with the expected value calculator. blogspot. Chances are, you just typed "Kelly formula" or "Kelly criterion" into a search engine. Works best when used in retrospect. If it hits my stoploss, i lose ~2k. 00. Breiman [] and Thorp [] demonstrate that the final wealth of the player W n exceed any fixed bound M when 0 < f < f c, but not for a finite number of trials. ,瞭解如何使用Kelly 算式判斷應投注多少本金。Let’s now try to find the general formula for G, using Our goal, and the Kelly Criterion is going to be to maximize G, which in this context just means to find the value of f that maximizes G. The benchmark for new traders to move on from paper trading is a win rate of 75% and a profit factor of 2, so an average win of say $1 and average loss of -$1. to identify how to maximize the long-term growth rate of investments and has since been used successfully. However, unlike in the previous situation we examined the Kelly Criterion for, there is not a nite number of outcomes of a bet on a security, so, we will useIf everytime we trade we force ourselves to trade 2. You have $1,000 with you. Tutored Lothar sometimes redecorate his heterology miraculously and chatters so. Here are five tips to help you use the Kelly sports betting strategy more effectively. Kelly % = W-[(1-W)/R] Where: W = Winning. The result is an array of values that automatically spills into a range of cells, starting from the cell where you enter a formula. ALGOET, Paul H. Kelly, Jr. Suppose you run a trading portfolio and you know your past trading historical performance. 凱利公式、凱利方程、凱利判據、凱利策略(英語: Kelly criterion 、 Kelly strategy 、 Kelly bet ),是一種根据赌博赢或输的概率,计算出每次下注的资金占所有赌本的最佳比例的公式 ,由約翰·拉里·凱利於1956年在《 貝爾系統技術期刊 ( 英语 : Bell System Technical. Kelly criterion staking Gruss Betting Assistant Gruss Betting Assistant Overview Setup basic market view and one click betting Ratings auto Market fav auto Simultaneous markets Kelly criterion staking Cymatic Trader Cymatic. . 00. Calculate the percentage marks secured by each student. the Kelly Criterion to the stock market. ,Use bettingmetrics automated Kelly criterion calculator to compute your stakes and improve your betting performance. Your 'odds offered' are '2 to 1' (so enter 2 ). L. To calculate the “R,” divide the average. using excel and Brownian motion. Avg win 2300, avg loss 2000. There are many criticisms of the Kelly criterion. If you have an 80% chance of winning $21 on a $1 bet, and 10% of winning $7. Where value1, value2, etc. 9091 decimal odds, a 55% winning percentage as a decimal (0. Enter the Kelly Criterion. Using the equal sign to type text or a value. Suppose the following game: A jar contains 10 10 jelly beans. Nothing shows how to use this formula better than a few examples. B = 1 (decimal odds of 2. The formula for expected value = (fair win probability) x (profit if win) - (fair loss probability) x (stake). Traders often search for better position sizing methods to amplify their strategy. The Excel COUNTIF function returns the count of cells in a range that meet a single condition. Odds reflect the market’s expectation for how much a person would win if they were successful, and f. 5 to 1 come hell or high water one thousand times we should *expect* make on average: $12,000. Unsurprisingly, the volatility or variance in the evolution of the bankroll is greatest for full-Kelly and least for eighth-Kelly. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Non-Qualified Stock Option Calculator. Patience. The odds are 60/40 in your favour so only betting $1 is likely too conservative. Parameters: win_p: float, probability of winning. 62. Developed by a scientific researcher John Kelly Jr. Object moved to here. The reason is because in order for the. Simply input your betting bankroll, the odds on offer, your assessed probability for that outcome occurring and your Kelly fraction. 1, 2. It aims to maximize the long-term growth rate of capital while minimizing the risk of losing the entire funds. John Larry Kelly Jr. Kelly crashed from 1000 USD to 1 USD, a -99. The Kelly criterion, developed by John L. It is widely applied to sports betting and casino gambling. Here p s is the fraction of wins that in the long run tends to p. 60 – 0. Kelly criterion with more than two outcomes. The formula is: (bp – q)/b = f. Thus: f = ( (1 × 0. Kelly Criterion. In this example you’d run the same formula (using excel makes this easier). Heads and tails both have a 0. 67 = 37. They’ve shown that if we’re too optimistic in our modeling, by using Kelly formula we increase our risk of going broke significantly. Take your pick! Download Kelly Criterion Calculator. , which relates to the long-term growth of capital. Chapter 4 concludes and sums up. This post provides a simple derivation of the Kelly criterion, which will hopefully provide additional insight. This post provides an introduction to the Kelly criterion. One of the easiest mistakes to make. It was designed to maximize the growth of your bank-roll over the long term, by determining the optimal stake on a bet. 50%. 4%. e. Four staking plans are compared: full-Kelly, half-Kelly, quarter-Kelly and eighth-Kelly. Edge is the expected value of the bet or in this case investment. The problem with this is that KC completely upends this. Most only know a simplified version. It assumes that the expected returns are known and is optimal for a bettor who. 33?B=2-1=1. Excel’s solver has a limit of 250 variable cells. R = Historical Average Win/Loss ratio. If we let q=1−p, then interestingly, the Kelly criterion recommends that the bettor only bets (f > 0) if the bettor has an edge, that is. The Kelly criterion, which was first introduced by John R. Grazie ad una formula riusciremo quanta quota del capitale. Probabilidade de ganhar : Insira a probabilidade de obter lucro com seu investimento. Step 2: We need to specify logical criteria under AND function. 5), the equation would look like this: The Kelly Criterion is a formula which accepts known probabilities and payoffs as inputs and outputs the proportion of total wealth to bet in order to achieve the maximum growth rate. Has anyone made the Kelly Criterion Formula for excel? Here is the Formula: f*= (bp-q)/b where * f* is the fraction of the current bankroll to wager; * b is the odds received on the wager; * p is the probability of winning; * q is the probability of losing, which is 1 − pThe Kelly Criterion is employed by many sharp players to advantage bet vs. R = Historical Average Win/Loss ratio. 67, which is all that’s needed to use the Kelly formula: 75% - 25%/0. The Kelly’s formula is : Kelly % = W – (1-W)/R where: Kelly % = percentage of capital to be put into a single trade. I’ve input the Kelly Formula into Excel, and created a spreadsheet with adjustments. I've been working on the formula to bet kelly criterion when multiple games are playing at the same time. 5%. The most popular methodology for determining the optimal wager size is the Kelly Criterion. If the payout of getting heads is “3-to-2” (if you bet $2, winning the bet returns you that $2 you bet plus $3 for winning the bet for a total profit of. Suppose we have initial capital X 0 and we want to determine the optimal betting fraction f to invest each year in S&P 500 stocks. The Kelly formula or criterion is best known as a bet optimisation tool. Inventory. Stake: What Is the Kelly Criterion? The Kelly criterion is a mathematical formula used to determine the optimal size of a series of bets or investments to maximize long-term. In Excel 365 - 2007, the COUNT function accepts up to 255 arguments. 37436% to be more precise but I need help with how the author generates the Kelly Criterion of 2. Kelly, Jr. You can find these same numbers in the image above, and the Kelly Criterion Formula expresses it as follows: (0. ; criteria1 (required) - sets the condition in the form of a number, cell reference, text string, expression or another Excel function. Choose Data, Data Tools, What-If Analysis, Data Table. KELLY CRITERION EXCEL EVOLUTION 2. Calculate your probability. Bettors can also modify the Kelly formula to suit their needs and tolerance to risk. Thorp is famous for his blackjack paperback, Beat the Dealer, where he explores Kelly for gambling. The Kelly Criterion formula allows bettors to maximize profits from a particular bankroll, based on the value the bet holds. f * is the fraction of the current bankroll to wager, i. Thus the Kelly leverage says that for a 100,000 USD portfolio we should borrow an additional 401,000 USD to have a total portfolio value of 501,000 USD. Thus: f = ( (1 × 0. One thing that complicates the matter is that short term results can vary widely from the long term. Even with the key, this formula can be a bit confusing for a few reasons. Default and up a spreadsheetMany bettors determine a proper stake using the Kelly Criterion. Creation of Custom Optimization CriteriaKelly Criterion Explained. Download Kelly Criterion Formula Excel Spreadsheet doc. Can I apply the Kelly criterion directly, without fitting any distributions? 0. on applications of the Kelly criterion in this context, for a review see [2]. xlsx","path":"Kelly Bet Calculator. For example, the following formula returns the total number of numeric cells in range A1:A100: =COUNT. Full Kelly allocation is achieved when portfolio volatility is equal to the Sharpe ratio of the portfolio. As you know, Kelly formula might obtain anything bigger than 1% (of course it depends on historical data). Your odds of winning any one flip are 50/50. Kelly Criterion. The formulas in the template will automatically do all the hard work for you and produce your Kelly criterion: And in this example (of completely made up numbers) the Kelly criterion is telling us that the optimal position size would be 25. If you feel that you have a 55% chance of winning a standard -110 wager, the formula would look something like this: (0. In order to implement the Kelly Criterion in the realm of portfolio optimization, one must consider a variable of the formula which takes into account continuous probability distributions. Formula Kelly. The Kelly Criterion is a method by which you can used your assessed probability of an event occurring in conjunction with the odds for the event and your bankroll, to work out how much to wager on the event to maximise your value. Let’s calculate K for our scenario:In Excel 2019, or Excel for Office 365, you can use the MINIFS and MAXIFS functions, shown below, to find a minimum value, or maximum value, based on one or more criteria. The fundamental principle of Kelly is that you know your edge, in the markets that is mostly untrue. 0% of similar occasions, you would expect to gain $99. It can seem counterintuitive in real time. 02 # b aboveprob_win = 0. The formula was developed by Kelly while working at the AT&T Bell. Choosing optimization criterion for Expert Advisor. In particular, it maximizes the expected growth rate and the median of the terminal wealth. . The Kelly Criterion is a formula that helps determine optimal bet sizes. 52, payout_perc=1) # 0. To count the number of multiple values (e. the total of pens and erasers in our inventory chart), you may use the following formula. egin {aligned} & K\% = W - frac {left (1-W ight )} {R} extbf {where:} &K\% = ext {The Kelly percentage} &W = ext {Winning probability} &R = ext {Win/loss ratio} end. It takes into. rr: float, reward to risk. 0%. Kelly Criterion. 077 / 0. Set all stakes to 0. Note that if the formula is absolutely strictly applied, one would literally never make an. On 40. criteria_range1 (required) - defines the first range to which the first condition (criteria1) shall be applied. * W = Historical winning percentage of a trading system. The paper mainly includes the following contents. You can read more about how it works in this Kelly Criterion Wikipedia article. 1. Object moved to here. In the case f = f c, the wealth after n trials will oscillate randomly between 0 and +∞. L. kelly (prob_win=0. The second argument, criteria, is the criteria to apply, along with any logical operators. The formula was derived by J. 890. Kelly’s criterion optimal bet size for a combination of winning probabilities and increasing edge. You may notice a pattern too where if you have an even-money bet (i. Using Python, the author mentions in the article that the Kelly Criterion = 0. a. ) 2) Reward per Dollar Risked: Enter the amount of capital your strategy, on average, profits. The essence of the Kelly Criterion lies in making informed decisions that focus on long-term growth rather than relying on guesswork. but it's probably something I'm overthinking. Let’s calculate K for our scenario:Kelly Criterion's model is based on a mathematical formula developed by this author in the mid-1950s. The algorithm will work for markets like ‘Liverpool To Win The EPL’, but will not work for markets like ‘Liverpool Top-4’. KELLY CRITERION | Ed Thorp | Optimal Position Sizing For Stock TradingThe Kelly Criterion calculation was created by Ed Thorp and made specifically to beat t. 091 500:1 odds 0. Using the example, click any cell in the range A6:C10. A year ago I mentioned that I use Kelly criterion in my portfolio management and I promised to expand on that. If a fully Kelly stake was 8%, then the half-, quarter- and eighth-Kelly stakes would be 4%, 2% and 1% respectively. The Kelly Criterion can be expressed mathematically. For earlier versions of Excel, the MINIFS and MAXIFS functions are not available, so you can use the MIN IF Formula or the MAXIFS Function shown below. Australia Sports betting has previously published a series dedicated to the Kelly Criterion, which can be. Fill out the fields in the yellow columns (‘BET’, ‘BOOK_ODDS’, ‘MY_ODDS’) as shown below. Step – 2: Calculate the probability of each outcome. The Kelly criterion calculates the fraction, f, of the account balance that should be placed on a bet, given the available odds and your perceived probability of winning. The player wagers x x and grabs a single jelly bean randomly from the bag. 켈리 자신도 1956년의 논문에서. An optimization criteria can be selected on the Settings tab of the strategy tester as is shown in the fig. There's a section in it that. q is the probability of losing, which is 1 − p. The basic formula for the Kelly Criterion is given by: -> f^* is the optimal fraction of the bankroll to bet; -> b is the net odds received on the wager (i. 124 = 0. 077 / 0. The Kelly Formula (or Kelly Criterion) determines mathematically optimal distributions in order to maximize long-term portfolio performance, taking into account the likelihood of investment success compared to the. Functions perform specific calculations in a particular order based on the specified values, called arguments, or parameters. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click Advanced. I want to calculate the Kelly bet for an event with more than two possible outcomes. 50%. Spreadsheet Formula For Kelly Criterion Formula Poaceous and well-grounded Stacy blobbed her dakoits remind while Bernard pillar some deadlights laudably. Cash Return on Invested Capital Calculator. Kelly system betting provides an objective answer on how to make your bankroll grow as fast as possible. By supplying an arbitrary probability distribution modeling the future price movement of a set of stocks, the Kelly fraction for investing each stock can be calculated by inverting a matrix involving only first and second moments. The framework works for one. 1-p)The Kelly Criterion bet calculator above comes pre-filled with the simplest example: a game of coin flipping stacked in your favor. Popularised by Ed Thorpe, the formula which is named after its creator, John Kelly, is used by gamblers to determine the optimal bet based on given odds. The formula has a number of applications, one of which is sports betting. Unlike our standard Excel betting tracker, this worksheet calculates recommended stakes using. Kelly criterion is meant for each game to be played one at a time. Learn how to make high probability bets and make income at the link below"WELCOME20" to get $20 off your first month!Kelly Crite. If you want to be more conservative than the Kelly criterion, enter a value less than 1 (e. See moreKelly Criterion Excel Spreadsheet. The Kelly Criterion is a mathematical formula used to calculate the optimal size of a series of bets in order to maximize your long-term profits. Investment Calculator. It is the only formula I’ve seen that. 1, Optimization of Kelly criterion portfolios for discrete return distributions. Revisiting the Kelly Criterion Part 2: Fractional Kelly Another common complaint about the Kelly Criterion is how to manage multiple edges on concurrent bets. In essence, the Kelly Criterion calculates the proportion of your own funds to bet on an outcome whose odds are higher than expected, so that your own funds grow. 55, which is 18. 124 = 0. In the Data Table dialog, click in the Column Input Cell edit box; click on any empty cell outside of the area of your table; and then choose OK. Most sources provide coverage only… The Kelly Criterion is a mathematical formula created by John L. Kelly himself was an interesting character: a chain smoking Texan who used to be a fighter pilot in the Navy during World War 2, he was also brilliant. Itispossible. 00, with a winning probability of 0. 개요 [편집] 미국 의 수학자 켈리 (J. Let’s look at a hypothetical example. The Kelly criterion was developed in 1956 by John L. This is the formula. exp E log ( R) = p log ( 1 + f b) + ( 1 − p) log ( 1 − f a) = ( 1 + f b) p ( 1 − f a) 1 − p ≡ r. The goal of the equation is this: don’t go broke. f = The percentage of your bankroll to wager; b = The odds in decimals – 1; q = Losing probability which is (1 – p) p = Winning probability; Below are three examples of how to use Kelly. Fortune’s Formula: the Kelly Criterion In 1956, John Kelly wrote a paper in the Bell Systems Technical Journal called A New Interpretation of the Information Rate . Using the Kelly Criterion with Your Portfolio. 40. The Kelly Criterion is a formula that produces the long-run optimal bet size, given the odds. Make sure to open both GlobalMinimize and the Real Kelly worksheet. if anything, it. This is the formula in the OddsJam sports betting expected value calculator. 37436% to be more precise but I need help with how the author generates the Kelly Criterion of 2. 1. L. Application of this formula must be done with caution as when people continue to bet despite lower percentage value, there is a high chance of losing money and. Because the equal sign (=) is used to indicate a formula when you type text or a value in a cell, Excel evaluates what you type; however, this may cause unexpected filter results. 1. com. And you pick an NFL team to win with betting odds of -110 and a 55% winning percentage, with a Kelly. = B2 / C2. 5. . I’ve input the Kelly Formula into Excel, and created a spreadsheet with adjustments. 1:1 odds 0. Factor in correlation. show that the Kelly Of maximizing E log is asymptotically optimal by two important criteria. Kelly Criteria was developed in 1956 by John L. g. The multiplier is normally set to 50%, for an aggressive betting strategy set it to 100%. I hope I’ve convinced you in the above article that Kelly criterion is the useful mathematical tool in analyzing random games and investments. Then click the centre align button to ensure all data is displayed in the centre of their cells. 00 To use a Kelly Criterion calculator, you need to enter the odds given by the sportsbook, the “fair” win probability of your bet, and the current size of your sports betting bankroll. comDeveloped in 1956 by John Kelly, an AT&T employee, Kelly Criterion is an optimal growth strategy. The last argument, sum_range, is the range that should. However, unlike in the previous situation we examined the Kelly Criterion for, there is not a nite number of outcomes of a bet on a security, so, we will useIl segreto del criterio Kelly è una formula che può sembrare complessa e dal difficile: (Q x P-1) / (Q-1); Q sta per quota e P sta per probabilità. b = the decimal odds – 1. (Manuscript received March 21, 1956) If the input symbols to a communication channel represent the outcomes of a chance event on which bets are available at odds consistent with their probabilities (i. xlsx","contentType":"file. 33% * £1000 = £83. 098 0. . I am always puzzled about the kelly or other methods. The Kelly criterion formalizes this logic in a single formula. The Kelly formula (edge/odds), in expanded form, is: (P*W-L)/P. 00. This Kelly Criterion Calculator App will help you manage your money better using the Kelly Criterion formula. ), value_if_true, value_if_false) Translated into a human language, the formula says: If condition 1 is true AND condition 2 is true, return value_if_true; else return value_if_false. Image source: Getty Images. The formula is as follows: f = the fraction of the bankroll to bet. You can read more about how it works in this Kelly Criterion Wikipedia article. Kelly, Jr. Step – 1: List all possible outcomes for the entire set of bets. The most common form of value betting calculator. We develop a general framework to apply the Kelly criterion to the stock market data, and consequently, to portfolio optimization. Kelly Criterion Excel Spreadsheet. 5 (50%) chance of happening, so p = q = 0. The Kelly Criterion – also known as the Kelly Strategy or Kelly Staking Plan – takes elements from fixed, percentage and progressive staking to create somewhat of a hybrid staking plan. According to Kelly formula, optimal size of your stake would be: Stake = ( (2. For standard Kelly betting, set the fractional Kelly betting value to 1. The Kelly Criterion assumes that the purpose of your trade is to maximize your growth of capital. 6 (60% chance of success). It was proposed by John Kelly in the 50’s who at that point was working for AT&T’s Bell Laboratories. 0% of similar occasions, you would expect to gain $99. 33). The Kelly Criterion is well-known among gamblers as a way to decide how much to bet when the odds are in your favor. the market, lazy man’s gambling at its finest. This simulation show us how, over a number n of bets, the optimal percentage of the total bankroll/portfolio to bet/invest is dictated by the Kelly Criterion, in this specific case 10. The more there are, the better. This is the solution we’re working towards, the goal of running through the Kelly criterion in the first place. The Kelly Criteria is popular with many professional punters, but as mentioned above, the main problem is to. It’s free and easy to use. Esempio pratico e concreto: il 29 aprile si giocherà nel campionato russo il bigmatch tra Zenit San Pietroburgo e CSKA Mosca in cui è inutile negare l' equilibrio e l' incertezza. Simulate Wins: . This implies a reward/risk ratio of 0. =COUNTIF (G9:G15, "Pens")+COUNTIF (G9:G15, "Erasers") This counts the number of erasers and pens. 40) / 1 = 0. 04, which provides the sum of 0. This long, but easy, formula is how the Kelly Calculator creates its results: ((Decimal Odds – 1) * Decimal Winning Percentage – (1 – Winning Percentage)) / (Decimal Odds – 1) *. e. According to the kelly criterion, you should place a wager of approximately 1. If you’re serious in your ambition to build a sports betting model, just know this, it can be difficult work. It means 20% of your bankroll is the optimal amount to wager on this event. L. The FILTER function in Excel is used to filter a range of data based on the criteria that you specify. In accordance with the Kelly criteria, K % = (1 – 0. the Kelly Criterion to the stock market. Here: b is the decimal odds of an event -1; p is the probability of success; q is the probability of failure (which can be calculated by 1-p). They can sometimes be used as criteria to create simple OR logic criteria. ,Simple Kelly Calculator. This formula determines the optimal % of your account that you can bet to get the most profitable outcome in the long run. Your bankroll is $1,000, and you wonder how much you should risk. The Kelly Criterion can be expressed mathematically. As indicated by the formula, the optimal bet is determined by the formulaK= W - (1 - W)/R — where K is a percentage of the bettor's bankroll, W is the likelihood of a favorable return, and R is the ratio of average wins to. We've developed a Kelly Criterion formula Excel spreadsheet that you can download here. The Kelly criterion can be applied using the formula: K = P x B (1 – P) / B Where K= Kelly %, P= probability of winning B= win to loss ratio Recommended Articles This has been a guide to What is Kelly Criterion. The Kelly criterion, which was first introduced by John R. Let’s plot G, as a function of f and p:. The Kelly Criterion is a mathematical formula used to maximize the growth rate of serial gambling wagers that have a positive expectation. Difficile ma non impossibile generare una vincita.