It is used to provide dozens of functions for managing, analyzing, and. interval scaleSome people may favor Apple but that is a matter of opinion. Spss an introduction - Download as a PDF or view online for free. @DennisHunink: "nominal" or "ordinal" are meaningless with regard to dichtomous variables. ReCal OIR (“Reliability Calculator for Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio data”) is an online utility that computes intercoder/interrater reliability coefficients for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data judged by two or more coders. Example: A list of the top five national parks in the United States. , rating scales or Likert-type response formats). SPSS offers three large blocks of distance measures for interval (scale), counts (ordinal), and binary (nominal) data. We focus on . Next, consider the objective behind creating a chart and the target. (2008). b. And the decision is sometimes warranted statistically, especially when the number of ordered categories is greater than 5 or 6. 1 = καθόλου, 2 = μέτρια , 3 = πολύ) ή Nominal (ο-A linear regression is one type of regression test used to analyze the direct association between a dependent variable that must be continuous and one or more independent variable (s) that can be any level of measurement, nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. A variable measured on a “nominal” scale is a variable that does not really have any evaluative distinction. SPSS Measure: Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale Definitions for Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale Nominal Data Variables at the nominal. Nominal scale is a naming scale, where variables are simply “named” or labeled, with no specific order . Mekelle University. When one of the variables is binary (such as group membership) just any kind of correlation (whether the other variable is continuous, likert ,. The storage types for a set can be. The level is partially determined by the nature of your variables. These are still widely used today as a way to describe the characteristics of a variable. A discrete–ordinal scale is a nominal variable, but the different states are ordered in a meaningful sequence. multinomial regression (more advanced test) no obvious dependent variable. Knowing the scale of measurement for a variable is an important aspect in choosing the right statistical analysis. Strictly, on Stevens scale, pure count data are ratio scale (there's an exact 0, "2" is twice "1" and "4" is twice "2" and so on). scale is one that has distinct nonoverlapping categories. In this article Stevens claimed that all measurement in science was conducted using four different types of numerical scales which he called "nominal", "ordinal", "interval" and "ratio". This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Example: a Persian is a breed of cat. For example, age from 0 – 120 would be scale, but if I categorize the ages into groups of 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, etc. " Ordinal data groups data according to some sort of ranking system: it orders the data. Về thực chất thang đo danh nghĩa là sự phân loại và đặt tên cho các biểu hiện và ấn. SPSS also provides an explanation for the suggestion, and a description of each possible type of measurement level (nominal, ordinal, scale) to help you make a decision. Upon importing the data for any variable into the SPSS input file, it takes it as a scale variable by default since the data essentially contains. There are 4 levels of measurement: Nominal: the data can only be categorized. 0 to perform binomial tests, Chi-squared test with one variable, and Chi-squared test of independence of. Nominal, ordinal and scale is a way to label data for analysis. The lowest measurement level you can use, from a statistical point of view, is a nominal scale. Missing values. SPSS suggests that “Date” and “Dollar” are variable types as well. The Likert scale is by far the most popular psychometric tool for collecting data. Summary statistics and plots (for categorical data and for scale data) 4 Nominal variables are related to the nominal scale, where data is categorized without any order. how to calculate ordinal reliability coefficients—rather than non-ordinal coefficients, such as Cronbach’s alpha—for the very common scenario that one’s data come from measurements based on ordinal response scales (e. nominal or ordinal data), while others work with numerical data (i. Sự khác biệt của 4 loại thang đo trong SPSS; 6. Examples of nominal variables include region, postal code, and religious affiliation. You can specify the level of measurement as scale (numeric data on an interval or ratio scale), ordinal, or nominal. Which of the following statements about ordinal data is true? a. Interval. Thang đo tỷ lệ – Ratio; 5. Assumption #1: Your two variables should be measured on an ordinal, interval or ratio scale. Learn more in-depth about Ordinal Data: Definition, Examples & Analysis. And indicate the corresponding central tendency measure (mean. OLS produces the fitted line that minimizes the sum of the squared differences between the data points and the line. "Yes/no" questions in SPSS should be "Nominal" in the Measure column. 2. 2K Share Save 109K views 8 years ago. Nominal scale data cannot be used in calculations. Terdapat 3 tipe variabel pada kolom measure SPSS yaitu scale, nominal dan ordinal. One common variable type is the nominal variable. This link will get you back to the first part of the series. Ordinal. Authors should mention in the methods section what kind of data they have gathered (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, discrete, continuous). Nominal A variable can be treated as nominal when its values represent. 2 Four steps for combining Likert type responses. Standard textbooks distinguish 4 such measurement levels or variable types. a. Examples: breed of dog, name of university, favorite food; Ordinal - levels of the variable belong in a specific order. The nominal scale, sometimes called the qualitative type, places non-numerical data into categories or classifications. De inställningarna påverkar däremot inte analyserna. By default, SPSS assigns the role of Input to all variables. He has written numerous SPSS courses and. Longitudinal Ordinal and Nominal Data . . Ordinal data have order, but the intervals between scale points may be uneven. Sebagai contoh genre film yang. In the Variables box, select variable enrolldate. Assign a name to the new variable (e. Mileage should use "Scale," and Ranking questions (e. e. What is the level of measurement of Likert scale data for variables in SPSS? Question. Nominal For nominal data (no intrinsic order, such as Catholic, Protestant,. Mendefinisikan Variabel Baru dengan Variable View pada SPSS. Lookheed Martin C. These levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Spss an introduction. There are 4 levels of measurement:. Formats. b. ”. Nominal: Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers or names represent a nominal scale of measurement. Which "Measure" (Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal) did you pick for each variable? a) Which measure (Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal) did you pick for Income?Creating a Bar Chart using SPSS Statistics Introduction. Ordinal 2. An example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks in the. Categories that can’t be ranked . However, crosstabs should only be used when there are a limited number of categories. The level of scales includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. 2 nominal variables. All of these choices. The SPSS Categories Module has a procedure called CATPCA which is designed for principal component analysis of categorical variables. Scale and nominal Food Consumption Score Mean Residence status IDPs 64. Analyze>Scale>Graded Response Model: STATS GRM: Fit graded response models to ordinal data. This allows a researcher to explore the relationship between variables by examining the intersections of categories of each of the variables involved. This is what distinguishes ordinal from nominal scales. The Nominal Scale. com. Trong SPSS dữ liệu được đo lường measure qua 3 dạng thang đo như hình sau: Đó là Scale, Ordinal, Nominal. June 28, 2022 This tutorial provides definitions and examples for the 3 SPSS measures, including nominal, ordinal, and scale. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like telephone numbers, leap years. Nominal, ordinal, and scale. Like nominal-level data, ordinal-level data can be summarized with either pie charts or bar charts, though bar charts are arguably more effective. Scale is typically known as interval & ratio. This explains the comment that "The most natural measure of association / correlation between a. Examples of. Suppose, for example, your questionnaire has questions with answers that can be "Strongly agree", "agree", "neutral. SPSS will not stop you from using a continuous variable as a splitting variable, but it is a bad idea to try to attempt this; SPSS will see each unique numeric value as a distinct category. e. Each of those levels gives you different amounts of analyzable information in SPSS. This is what distinguishes ordinal from nominal scales. This test is also known as: Chi-Square Test of Association. , Sweets); Scroll down the Function Group, and select Statistical. χ. For interval data, the most common is Square Euclidian Distance . Di dalam SPSS, interval dan rasio digabung menjadi Scale. low - intermediate - > high), nominal (e. SPSS中数据类型根据度量尺度可为三类：定距型数据（Scale）、定序型数据（Ordinal）、定类型数据（Nominal），如下图。. If the data for your Likert scale variables has been imported at the Nominal or Scale level of measurement, place your cursor in this field and select Ordinal from the drop-down menu for each of these variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Two eta values are computed. Sep 6 2019. Nominal and ordinal data can be either string alphanumeric or numeric. Tùy theo tính chất của dữ liệu mà ta sẽ gán loại thang đo. Nominal and ordinal data can be either string alphanumeric or numeric. Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Two-Variable or Group Q-Q Plot: SPSSINC QQPLOT2:. Interval scales give us the order of values + the ability to quantify the difference between each one. Upload. An example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks in the. ) is not much more than some rescaled version of some difference of means between the two groups defined by the binary variable. In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on different values across your data set (e. Whether that counts for SPSS's category. Is the likert scale ordinal, nominal, discrete or continuous (ratio)?. Scale, numeric data (interval, ratio) Ordinal dependent and scale or categorical independent variables. The “higher” the measurement level, the more information a variable holds. If it makes sense to treat the ordinal variable as a dependent variable, you could try using ordinal logistic regression via the PLUM procedure. Thang đo định danh (Nominal scale) trong SPSS. Scales of Measurement. The ordinal scale data can be ordered. 1. 2. Given some data from an experiment or survey of some kind, an important first step is to explore. dependent variable has 2+ nominal groups. This is also the reason why nominal variables can be used in regression after dummy coding them: the resulting dichotomous variables. SPSS Measure: Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale Definitions for Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale Nominal Data Variables at the nominal level are categorical and have no inherent order or numerical meaning. S. Likert. Correlation is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables, X and Y. This video shows with an illustration or example different levels of data measurement in SPSS which are: Nominal, Ordinal and Scale Measurement) 1. In SPSS Statistics, you will be identifying categorical variables as cither nominal variables or ordinal variables, while interval variables and ratio variables will both be identified as scale variables (see Table 1. The categorical variables in your SPSS dataset can be numeric or string, and their measurement level can be defined as nominal, ordinal, or scale. In the initial Optimal Scaling dialog, click the radio buttons. 2 Setting the scale of measurement | The jamovi. In particular, the video assumes that the classes to be converted to a. With ordinal scales, we only know that 2 is better than 1 or 10 is better than 9; we do not know by how much. In SPSS while filling. In the data variable pane, select the desired level: ID, Nominal, Ordinal or Continuous. This tutorial will show you how to use SPSS version 12. Chi square for association; Fisher's Exact test; 2 ordinal variables. Now, in SPSS what can I give the type of data? is it scale, nominal or ordinal? Then which test should I use to find if there are differences between periods (phases)? I would appreciate any type of help. nominal variables; ordinal variables; interval variables; ratio variables. numeric, string; how many characters. It is quite common to add Likert items, even though this (as both WHuber and Sal have noted) requires that we are treating them as interval data. Interval A variable measured on an interval scale gives information about more or betterness as ordinal scales do, but interval variables have an equal. sas - SAS code for. Chúng ta sẽ bắt đầu với loại thang đo đơn giản nhất từ 4 loại thang đo trong SPSS đó là thang đo định danh. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score (sum or mean) from four or more type Likert-type items; therefore, the composite score for Likert scales should be analyzed at the interval measurement scale. Ordinal data is a kind of categorical data with a set order or scale to it. Each of those levels gives you different amounts of analyzable information in SPSS. Histograms should only be used for continuous variables; they should not be used for ordinal variables, and should never be. g. The four main measuring scales are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Jesus Salcedo is an independent statistical and data-mining consultant who has been using SPSS products for more than 25 years. Nominal and ordinal data can be either string alphanumeric or numeric. library (MASS) m <- polr (independentvar ~ var1 + var2 + var3, data = ghost291data, Hess=TRUE) Two intercepts which indicate the differences between the different ordinal datas. The hotel ratings are usually on a scale from 0 stars to 5 stars. The distribution of data (normal or skewed) should be mentioned along with. Nominal (set) and ordinal (ordered set) measurement levels indicate that the data values are used discretely as a member of the set. Each of those levels gives you different amounts of analyzable information in SPSS. These assumptions are typically violated in the case of variables measured using ordinal rating scales (Timmerman & Lorenzo-Seva, 2011). Untuk variabel ini kita memilih scale karena datanya bersifat rasio. How to find Correlation between a Nominal variable and Scale variable using SPSS? Eta Correlation In this video I have discussed How to do Eta correlation a. , items or indicators) resulting from questionnaires using ordinal items with 2–7 categories are used. Go to the data view screen & enter the actual data. nominal, ordinal, scale) How the variable was actually recorded in the raw data (i. e. The ordinal scale data can be ordered. Years in which U. In SPSS, a widely used software for data analysis, variables can be classified into three main types: nominal, ordinal, and scale. involved): scale, ordinal or nominal. Lastly, press the up arrow to hide the data variable pane, or the left or right arrows to edit another variable. In SPSS, you can specify the level of measurement as scale (numeric data on an interval or ratio scale), ordinal, or nominal. 1c: Center and dispersion for an ordinal variable. This video explains the basic difference among the #Nominal, #Ordinal, and #Scale measurements while filling the data in an #SPSS file. In order to enter data using SPSS, you need to have some variables. SPSS: Understand Ordinal, Nominal & Scale (aka Level of measurment) BrunelASK 25K subscribers Subscribe 1. Creating unnaturally dichotomous variables from non dichotomous variables is known as dichotomizing. The Theory Of Scale Types Stevens (1946, 1951) proposed that measurements can be classified into four different types of scales. Thang đo thứ bậc là thang đo danh nghĩa nhưng không. Thang đo trong SPSS gồm A. Pearson’s r is a measure of association for continuous variables. When working with data in SPSS, it is important to understand the different types of variables that can be used. e. Pengertian Measure: Perbedaan Scale Nominal dan Ordinal pada SPSS. NOMINAL. Measurement refers to the assignment of numbers in a meaningful way, and understanding measurement. Nominal is a synonym for 'continuous'. Introduction and Aims . The trouble is that Likert scales are really in-between ordinal and interval. This video shows with an illustration or example different levels of data measurement in SPSS which are: Nominal, Ordinal and Scale Measurement)1. The basic criteria that makes a scale an interval scale is that it has. . An ordinal variable is similar to a categorical variable. Ordinal scales provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a customer satisfaction survey. 1 Answer. Springer, New York. Whether your variable is nominal or ordinal or even convertible into a semi-continuous one depends on what you are intending to measure. Thang đo định danh. You can use an ordinal field anywhere that a nominal field can be used. Nominal ise kategoriyi veya sınıflandırma anlamlarına karşılık gelmektedir. g. Ordinal scale variables have a bit more structure than nominal scale variables, but not by a lot. interval. The basic specification is a variable name, followed by a measurement level enclosed in parentheses. The median (i. Frequency tables containing interval/ratio-level data can include all of the same components as those containing ordinal-level data, though they often include class intervals in order to make. Escala ordinal nominal de SPSS. This is. The level of this measurement is a) interval b) nominal c) ordinal ratio; The scale of measurement that has an inherent zero value defined is the (select one): 1. Since there are only two valid values, there is only one interval between them, hence they are metric by definition. Examples of ordinal variables include Likert scales (e. Rename. Essentially, a scale variable is a measurement variable — a variable that has a numeric value. US Goverment [<br>] 56. Even though these are numbers, they do not imply an order, and the distance between them is not meaningful. An ordinal or “ordered” scale allows you to evaluate a respondent’s attitude towards a subject by using a set of ordered responses. Similarities Between Nominal and Ordinal Variable. Viewed 99 times 2 I would like to find the measure of a variable using syntax and then use this in an If-statement. 1 Answer. In this case there will be many more levels of the nominal variable (50 in fact). Nominal data assigns names to each data point without placing it in some sort of order. While statistical software like SPSS or R might “let” you run the test with the wrong type of data, your results will be flawed at best, and meaningless at worst. Creating dummy variables in SPSS Statistics Introduction. The top five national parks in the United States. Spearman's rank correlation. A variable is naturally dichotomous if precisely 2 values occur in nature (sex, being married or being alive). In SPSS, we can specify the level of measurement as:. It is also important that zero is just a point on the scale. To calculate summary statistics for each variable, click the Analyze tab, then Descriptive Statistics, then Descriptives: In the new window that pops up, drag each of the four variables into the box labelled Variable (s). 当然，也可以是离散整型数据，例如人数、物品个数等离散型数据。. g. For example, our satisfaction ordering makes it meaningful to assert that one person is more satisfied than another with their microwave ovens. Then click Next. Choosing the correct variable type ensures accurate analysis and interpretation of your results. Both nominal and ordinal level data. Another example of a nominal variable would be classifying where people live in the USA by state. g. All the scales of measurement can be categorized into two parts. . , its label) How the variable was measured (e. The key feature of ordinal data is that. Both these measurement scales have their significance in surveys/questionnaires, polls, and. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens created these 4 levels of measurement in 1946 and they’re still. Interval. Even though these are numbers, they do not imply an order, and the distance between them is not meaningful. In this video, IBM. One aim in the construction of a Likert scale is that the "distance" between. Role. Nominal and ordinal data can be either string alphanumeric or numeric. Analyze ordinal variables as if they’re nominal. Continuous is for variables with numeric values which are considered to be Interval or Ratio scales (Equivalent to Scale in SPSS). S. Apple B. 2 degrees, 3. By default, SPSS assigns the role of Input to all variables. It is important to note that the variable’s level of measurement determines the type of graph that you should use. Gender (Male/Female) as fixed factor. 1. Examples of nominal variables include region, postal code, and religious affiliation. 1. Ordinal」は「Order」に似て. I understand the confusion in my question, I was asking what type of measure would this variable be considered within SPSS. Specifies values to be treated as missing. 37 answers. The nominal, ordinal, interval & ratio levels of measurement are scales that allow us to measure and classify gathered data in well-defined variables to be used for different. To compute a new variable, click Transform > Compute Variable. Likert scale data is measured at the Ordinal level. , a 3-point scale explaining how much a customer liked a product, ranging from "Not very much", to "It is OK", to "Yes, a lot"). e. From the top menu bar in SPSS, select Transform -> Compute variable. In SPSS, we can specify the level of measurement as: scale (numeric data on an interval or ratio scale) ordinal nominal. ) Importantly, numeric variables in SPSS can also be used to denote nominal (unordered) or ordinal categorical variables. categorical), ordinal (i. 1. Most recent answer. . A good example is age, which is measured in years; each increment is one year. nominal scale 2. Nominal (set) and ordinal (ordered set) measurement levels indicate that the data values are used discretely as a member of the set. It also depends how you considered your variable, if it is ordinal or interval. The dialog boxes for automatic linear modeling, nptests (non-parametric tests) and genlinmixed use measurement level to determine which variables can be used in the various dialog boxes. Ordinal scales provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a customer satisfaction survey. Nominal and ordinal data can be either string (alphanumeric) or numeric. Nominal scale data cannot be used in calculations. A variable can be treated as nominal when its values represent categories with no intrinsic ranking (for example, the department of the company in. However, when using actual dialog boxes to do analyses, SPSS will often ask us to describe whether the data are "Continuous" or "Categorical". Asked 26th Mar, 2020;Nominal scales provide the least amount of detail. Is the likert scale ordinal, nominal, discrete or continuous (ratio)?. Ordinal scale variables have a bit more structure than nominal scale variables, but not by a lot. Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology. ordinal alpha, which was introduced byExamples of ordinal variables include Likert items (e. Misalnya jenis kelamin seseorang. To call the macro, you do so as follows: !Parse Var=Zip_Codes Stem=zips Del=";". g. The differences between the levels of measurement and how to associate a level with a variable are. A variable can be treated as nominal when its values represent categories with no intrinsic ranking (for example, the department of the company in. Nominal data are categorical. I am of the understanding that results should be presented as a mode, which makes sense to me. ordinal, you may consider Spearman's correlation coefficient. For example, responses can include: “very satisfied,” “satisfied,” “dissatisfied,” and “very dissatisfied. Ordinal scales with few categories (2,3, or possibly 4) and nominal measures are often classified as discrete and are analyzed using binomial class of statistical tests, whereas ordinal scales with many categories (5 or more), interval, and ratio, are usually analyzed with the normal theory class of statisticalOrdinal Scale. The levels of measurement indicate how precisely data is recorded. g. Each of these has been explained below in detail. You need to get this right. In addition, numbers other than what is stated in the category do not have any meaning (e. It can be used to display counts (i. Thang đo danh nghĩa (Nominal scale) 2. The scale of measurement, also known as the level of measurement, describes the accuracy level that may be achieved while recording data. What types of data (categorical [nominal, ordinal], numerical [discrete, continuous] are each of the following examples a) Number of vaccine shots administered (numerical discrete) b) Highest level of education attained (high school, bachelors, masters, PhD) (categorical ordinal) c) Country of origin (categorical nominal)Notion, ordinal and balance is a way to label data for analysis. When distance between categories isn’t equal (Can be rank order). Kolom measure harus ditetapkan terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan analisis data lebih lanjut. Interval - More useful than either nominal or ordinal, interval scales allow us to measure not only the direction of a difference, but also its magnitude. At the same. Fig: The above shown screenshot shows the type of scale measurement available in spss. Data nominal merupakan data yang paling rendah levelnya karena data nominal hanya menghasilkan satu kategori saja, dan data dianggap setara. The intervals between positions on the scale are monotonic but never so well-defined as to be numerically uniform increments. SPSS: Changing scale variable to nominal variableData collection rating scales; Nominal data collection does not include rating scales, which is very common with ordinal data collection. The ordinal scale data can be ordered. I understand the confusion in my question, I was asking what type of measure would this variable be considered within SPSS. Nominal and ordinal data can. The ordinal structure and confined style of the Likert scale make it prone to information misinterpretation and loss. From: Statistical Methods (Third Edition), 2010. Various procedures like hypothesis testing, require that your data is collected with specific measurement levels. Assigning a particular scale of measurement depends on the numerical properties variable have, as discussed in the last article "Scales of Measurement". A nominal measure is one in which objects (i. Data Transform, Nominal Scale, Ordinal Scale, Interval Scale, SPSS. But note that some newer SPSS procedures do make use of the scaling info. d. e. ระดับนามบัญญัติ (Nominal Scale) เป็นระดับที่ใช้จ าแนกความแตกต่าง. Medida Ordinal — IBM SPSS. (If you need to calculate reliability for nominal data judged by two coders only, use ReCal2; for nominal data. Definitions; Nominal data and ordinal data are both groups of non-parametric variables used to. 4 Jenis Skala Pengukuran Beserta Penjelasan dan Contoh. These levels are listed in increasing. In SPSS, the chisq option is used on the statistics subcommand of the crosstabs command to obtain the test statistic and its. ( Analyze > Descriptive statistics > Crosstab Put in the variables into row and column, and then click Statistics and check Chi. Nominal scale data cannot be used in calculations. En SPSS, es importante elegir el nivel de medición adecuado para cada variable. Spss an introduction - Download as a PDF or view online for free. dreamstime. , a 3-pont scale explaining how much a customer liked a product, ranging from. Basic Specification. For example there is an order to “drink size” (small, medium, large, extra large), however there is not a consistent interval (volume, distance, time, etc. You will get n-1 intercepts for n categories of the independent variables. 37 answers. While nominal and ordinal are types of categorical labels, the scale is different. Nominal variables are categorical variables that are represented by numeric values. Ordinal. Bar chart: This chart graphs categories of a nominal or an ordinal variable. The splitting variable(s) should be nominal or ordinal categorical. An ordinal variable is a discrete variable having an order associated with its levels. Various procedures like hypothesis testing, require that your data is collected with specific measurement levels. Types of Scale of measurement. Calculate correlations between nominal, ordinal, and scale variables. Fig: The above shown screenshot shows the type of scale measurement available in spss. SPSS develops as a programming language, and it is designed to provide statistical analysis. There are three measurement levels, nominal, ordinal, or scale. Ordinal Ordinal scales build upon nominal scales by assigning numbers to objects to reflect a rank ordering on an attribute in question. A variable can be treated as nominal when its values represent categories with no intrinsic ranking (for example, the department of the company in which an employee. There is a meaningful difference between values, for example, 10 degrees Fahrenheit and 15 degrees is 5, and the difference between 50 and 55 degrees is also 5 degrees. Whether your variable is nominal or ordinal or even convertible into a semi-continuous one depends on what you are intending to measure. Operations applied to various variables from the Questionnaires in the SPSS depends on Scale assigned to the variables. Specify a range (1,000,000 and upwards) as missing values for "income". , height or test scores). Ordinal variables are categorical variables with an inherent order.