. Roll forming. Leading Manufacturer of Roll Forming Machines and Material Handling Solutions. The roll forming process begins with the loading of the coil onto the decoiler. Roll Forming Machine: A roll forming machine is an industrial equipment used to shape. Horizon Forklifts. Roll forming is a continuous process that shapes a flat metal strip into a desired profile or shape by passing it through a series of rollers. The depth of the ribs can provide added strength and load-bearing capacity. Batten roll forming machines are used to produce battens from metal coils. Englert brings metal roof manufacturing directly to the job site with our portable roll forming machines for metal roofing. Roll Former offers the most productive and cost-effective roll forming equipment for the metal roofing and architectural sheet metal industries. SPECIFICATIONS & EQUIPMENT. Width: 10-1600 mm. Product Material: steel strip. The strip passes through sets of rolls mounted on consecutive stands, each set performing only an incremental part. A. com or call us at 1-800-234-7834. copper at 14 fpm without damage to the material. Believe Industry Company (BELI®) is also engaged to design and manufactured Customized Profile Roll Forming Machine as buyers’ requirements. A PBR roof panel machine is a popular type of roll-forming machine producing extra strong panels used in construction. com and find a variety of tile making machinery for the production of tiles. Roofing roll formers come in different widths and production rates to suit specific applications. Introducing the MetalMan FP1500/20 series fixed panel roofing machine runs a fixed width, variable length, single-profile 1. Chat now. English English French German Italian Russian Spanish Portuguese Dutch Greek Japanese Korean Arabic. From offering custom cut to length cladding and CAD assisted design, to specializing in residential, agricultural, and commercial structures, we provide more than a product; we. roof batten machine manufacturers/supplier, China roof batten machine manufacturer & factory list, find best price in Chinese roof batten machine manufacturers, suppliers, factories, exporters & wholesalers quickly on Made-in-China. com. Training can include maintenance education, machine calibrations and inspections, a review of your spare parts inventory, roll tooling training, and more. Roof Batten Forming Machine (267 products available) Gutter rolled metal forming machine galvanized L rainwater drain pipe manufacturing machinery $10,500. 55mm: 1. Metal board and batten siding is a type of exterior cladding used on buildings, typically homes and barns. 0 mm. – Save history for orders in 30 days. We got a second hand 45mm roof batten machine with out a de-coiler. 4. SPONSORED. – Save history for orders in 30 days. 6" Max Width with Uncoiler, Leveler, Die Punch, Rafted Punch Stations. Material: GI, PPGI, Aluminum, Copper, Stainless Steel, etc. , Ltd. Min Order: 1 set. Feeding width: 1000 mm/1250 mm. We can provide custom roll forming. “ Batten has multiple meanings in construction and shipbuilding but is generally a strip of solid material, historically made from wood but can also be made from plastic, metal, or fiberglass. View Listing. – Automatic roll forming and cutting with Inverter, PLC, HMI. 's facility is equipped to handle a wide variety of roll forming operations efficiently and economically. 5-67. 25 inch (5 mm) wide Snap-Lock panel configuration with a 20 inch (508 mm) coverage. Min Order: 1 set. 00. Machine factory zinc plate roof sheeting roll forming machine batten panel machine $4,900. 1312 - 2297'/hr. Applications and Products. Wider panels are often used for larger buildings, while narrower panels may be suitable for smaller structures. Ceiling Batten and roof batten Steel Sections are light and strong and have several advantages over traditional battens. Roof Furring Channels Ceiling and Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine $4,790. . The width of coiled material before our Roll Forming process can be up to 19" wide. The TH200 produces a Tophat batten up to 0. Browse our range of roll forming machines and equipment, call us at +1 (407) 859-1119 or get in touch to discuss your business needs today! There are a considerable number of roll forming machine types, parts, and pieces of equipment that. 44 watching. Line spe. We recently released a new board & batten profile for our SSQ II™ MultiPro Roof Panel Machine, and we are excited to introduce it to our customers. The rollforming line can also be designed to create multiple profiles (metal deck panel, liner panel and roof/wall panel) which are rollformed and stacked in the same operation. All Berridge portable roll formers require the use of Berridge coil. Batten Profile: C, U, Z, Top Hat and custom profiles: Velocidad de producción: Up to 120 m/min:. The panel system consists of an integral narrow batten cap seam that snaps over a. A 2-cylinder metal roll-forming machine uses two cylindrical rollers to bend and shape the sheet metal into the end shape. We can provide custom roll forming machines that make the roofing panels you want. The Model BSA Batten Seamer will form a complete double lock standing seam with a single pass on 16 – 20 oz. Find wholesale roofing batten forming machine and related tools from China. 8 mm. Batten Machine: Rolls roof and ceiling battens x . Control system PLC, HMI automatic programmable (+84)906 898 860. Leonardo Da Vinci is credited with coming up with the. The first roll forming manufacturers. 00 - $10,800. Profile roll forming machine: As far as we know, the main reason for any valuable customer from any part of the world is looking for some best-cheapest products from the manufacturing center—China. Horizon Forklifts. Search High Quality C&U Light Keel Forming Machine Manufacturing and Exporting supplier on Alibaba. com and find a variety of tile making machinery for the production of tiles. Before a coil can be loaded, it has to be prepared for the process. Industries from agriculture to aviation, from building and construction to automotive, rely on roll forming machines to create the parts they need for their products. Material that could be used: galvanized steel, prepaint steel, inox, aluminium Machine customized accordind to the user's needs Interconnexion machine : industry 4. Roller shutter panels can be crafted from roll-formed panels using pre-painted steel. the way. Let us manage the product flow to your facility and save the space and expense of warehousing a large inventory of parts. Sheet thickness: 0. All Hardware is CE and UL compliant and tested to comply with current CE emissions standards. The Channel roof ceiling batten roll forming machine is the main equipment for the production of light steel. PBR stands for Purlin Rib Bearing. CNC Controls. 2 mm Applicable Material: GI With Yield Strength: 390Mpa Work FlowTherefore, Reliance developed a high speed glazed tile roll forming machine with 5-6m/min line speed. 00 New. Custom Made Prefabricated Steel Structure Corrugated Tile Roof Sheet Making Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine, Find Details and Price about Roof Tile Making Machinery Roofing Sheets Machine from Custom Made Prefabricated Steel Structure Corrugated Tile Roof Sheet Making Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine - Botou Shengrui Roll. Roll forming, also spelled roll-forming or rollforming, is a type of rolling involving the continuous bending of a long strip of sheet metal (typically coiled steel) into a desired cross-section. Roll forming has many advantages over brake forming and preformed panels. Please fill in technical information including profile needed, gauge of material, power supply requirements, etc. 4. Roll forming, also spelled roll-forming or rollforming, is a type of rolling involving the continuous bending of a long strip of sheet metal (typically coiled steel) into a desired cross-section. 1997 The Roll Form Line appears to be in very good. They can also resemble or be used as flat and/or wide Track sections. 6 yrs CN SupplierSPECIFICATIONS & EQUIPMENT. Company Introduction: Cangzhou huachen roll forming machinery Co. The strip passes through roll sets placed on successive stands, each set only performing an incremental. 11KW. 0 mm. – Automatic roll forming and cutting with Inverter, PLC, HMI. 9' x 3. Before a coil can be loaded, it has to be prepared for the process. com. Product Material: steel strip. The roll forming process is a method of shaping metal sheets or coils into specific profiles by passing them through a series of rollers. We review your production requirements and. Roof Roll Forming Machine; Standing Seam Roof Machine; Cable Tray Roll Forming Machine. Each of these companies will also allow you to build your own gutter machine from various parts and accessories. All Hardware is CE and UL compliant and tested to comply with current CE emissions standards. Electric Shear Machine. Roof with trusses and battens. Battens are long, thin strips of material used for various construction applications. For more information on wall & roof rolling machines please fill out the form below. This ring is roll formed in 0. Step Two The sheet metal passes through a series of rollers. Good quality batten roll forming machine from batten roll forming machine manufacturer, Buy batten roll forming machine online from China. Add to cart. Introducing the MetalMan FP1500/20 series fixed panel roofing machine runs a fixed width, variable length, single-profile 1. CUSTOMIZED PROFILE ROLL FORMING MACHINE. – Electrical and hydraulic components made from Japan, Germany. Roll Forming Machines LLC 10895 Rocket Blvd, Suite 120, Orlando, FL 32824, USA. Roof Panel Machine. In 1979, the manufacturing company Bartolosch GmbH with its owner, Ing. 100. comBuilding Materials Metal Roofing Ridge Hat Roll Former Forming Machine Zinc Roof Panel Ridge Roll Top Shaping Machines $7,300. Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine (264 products available) Galvanized Steel Omega Profile Drywall Roll Forming Machine Top Hat Batten Roll Forming Machine $16,500. 5kW, 3phase. Powered decoiler, 3ton, 600mm width, inner diameter 508-550mm Fixed guarding. The right choice of material for your product is a massive design consideration, and choosing the right one. It is formed by cold forming of steel or steel, and is rolled to produce light keels of various specifications. Roof Roll Forming Machine; Standing Seam Roof Machine; Cable Tray Roll Forming Machine. India. 48 mm to 0. Spending time to understand our customers’ product requirements allows us to develop innovative solutions, going beyond offering more than a machine to produce a product. The SymmeTry® system is a batten seamed roof system tested to withstand the toughest environments. PBU roof panels are designed for durability and are commonly used in commercial and industrial buildings. com. Machine Weight - 1400lbs. Vietsteel is a leading brand with 23 years of experience in the field of designing and installing roll forming. The depth of the ribs can provide added strength and load-bearing capacity. Batten roll forming machines are used to produce battens from metal coils. Our roll forming metal roofing machines are designed for experts in seamless. 4 yrs CN Supplier . 2. The Bradbury Group manufactures Portable Roll formers for standing seam roofing, gutters, and other roofing profiles. An optional, patented vinyl weatherseal is mechanically applied to the male leg of the panel during the roll-forming process. Top Hat Roof Battens Roll Forming Machine. Proper protective equipment such as goggles and hard hats should also be used when working with a roll forming machine. Compact, fixed, with cassette, width-adjustable duplex roll forming machines, multi-profile and combined for the production of profiles of all kinds, open and closed profiles and. – Automatic programmable length settings via the touch panel. Howick machines produce steel framing designed in any software that is in line with our specifications. 5m, 12. com. (5 mins to read) Nowadays, with the development of industrial zones, factories,. com . 5 inch thick. com. Portable roll forming is ideal for producing metal roofing for commercial buildings, residential homes, or industrial sheds in custom lengths on-site. New squareline gutter roll forming production line. Battens are long, thin strips of material used for various construction. Main products are color steel roll forming machine,. Additionally, Lockformer Custom Machinery roll formers eliminate the product length limitations which can hamper manual metal forming processes. 1. Canadian & International Companies on all custom roll forming. We offer One-Stop service for customer. Our roof batten roll forming machine can employs galvanized steel sheet, coloured armor plate or galvalume plate as the material plate. The larger roller is coated in urethane, and the role of the smaller roller is to apply the force, which then bends the metal into the desired arc or curve. It has adjustable panel width capability 10″ to 24″. $655. 44 watching. O-105. 5 Mm Color Painted Steel Omega Profile Drywall Roll Forming Machine,Drywall Roll Forming Machine,Roof Batten Machine,Omega Profile Making Machine from Supplier or Manufacturer-Sussman Machinery (wuxi) Co. Hat Channel Omega roll forming machine Learn more. Samco. 39 Roll Forming Line, 10. Order Quantity: One set Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine Price: Negotiation Packaging Details: 5. Components required for rolling shutter panel machines are similar to the single slat machines; however, they won’t make ventilation or hole-panel shutter doors. 39-Station Dreistern Model P3. 5-67. etc to make stronger, the roll forming machine is more robust and easier to use. Email[email protected] Profiles. O-105. Bradbury Group offers various roll forming machine models to best meet the needs of our customers and the industries they serve. Designing for a roll forming machine means evaluating the capabilities of the machine versus the costs of material and other expenses to ensure your design will be profitable. Each of these companies will also allow you to build your own gutter machine from various parts and accessories. To learn more about our seamless siding machine rental program, contact us at (800) 234-7834 or customer. End holes are included for fastener connections. Drip edge stop and shear machine. monitor length on the computer custom. Cutting system hydraulic cylinder. email: [email protected] START TO FINISH. We are a manufacturer of High Speed Z Profile Steel Purlin Roll Forming Machine with PLC Touch Screen RH-PR-245, exporter of High Speed Z Profile Steel Purlin Roll Forming Machine with PLC Touch Screen RH-PR-245 made in China, Please get more High Speed Z Profile Steel Purlin Roll Forming Machine with PLC Touch Screen RH-PR-245 China. com. Decoiler- forming-cut – run outBradbury technicians are available to train equipment operators on new or previously owned Bradbury Group equipment. English Russian Spanish French Arabic Portuguese. 2 days ago · A ridge board is a non-structural member that serves as a prop for opposing rafters to rest against and connect to. com. A range of other diameters is possible with the same tooling. The machine includes a forming roller, hydraulic drive & shear, New Tech PLC Controller, and a choice of 1 pair of bead, V, or pencil rib rollers with frame. Our over 15 years’ experience in manufacturing metal roll forming machines is a result of our high quality. Size: 8000*800*1200. 7-1. Roof Truss Roll Former, Roof Batten Roll Former, Roof Batten Roll Forming Line. If run “popping” throughout the operation, the operation needs to be investigated. Make sure anyone operating the machine is dressed appropriately. )Each roof batten roll forming machine can be used to make ceramic tiles that can be used for the pavement of roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects. Ready to Ship $12,000. Efficient production: Roll forming is a continuous process, allowing large quantities of metal profiles to be produced quickly and efficiently. Floordeck Roll Forming Machine (FD-EH Model) Where you can buy 5 best-selling Roll Forming Machines 2023? 1. Renowned Training and Support. Batten Roll Forming Machine; Hollow Roll Forming Machine; Z Bar Roll Forming. Be honest about yoC purlin roll forming machine is an equipment that produces C shaped steel channels continuously out of galvanized or cold rolled steel strips from feeding, punching for holes, bending and cutting. Ceiling and roof batten roll forming machine is special designed for its production. $212. Here are some typical machine specifications: Width – 24 to 72 inches wide. Year founded: 1979. 4. Samco Machinery’s high efficiency metal deck rollforming machines produce roof, composite, and floor metal decks. We continuously improve the technology, productivity, efficiency, and durability our equipment provides. The coil rotates to unwind the material strip into the strip straightener. Summary Sheet Forming Machine. Our principal activities are:+ Research and application of new technology in equipment in. MP Metal Products Roll formed lighting bezel. 75mm (24 gauge) thickness. 5. Types of roof truss system. Purchasing a roll-forming machine can hugely boost your business's productivity and efficiency. Min Order: 1 set. For over 40 years, our commitment to innovation in Cold Formed Steel (also known as Light Gauge Steel), precision manufacturing, uncompromising quality and exemplary customer service has defined the Howick way. Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine. 55 thickness. Maison; Produit. HVAC / Sheetmetal TDF Duct Roll Former. 5KW Profile Hat Channel Roll Forming Machine For Roofing Truss / Batten from China, China's leading Profile Hat Channel Roll Forming Machine product, with strict quality control 5. 2. The rollers are mounted in sets on a consecutive stand with each roller completing one small step of the process. According to the functions or types of Wholesale Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine, Wholesale Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine can be classified into many types. 3: Raw material: G550 Galvanized. Our principal activities are:+ Research and application of new technology in equipment in. 75mm gauge for cyclonic areas. Making a habit of routinely maintaining your rollformer can make a difference in how your machine operates, as well as the quality of the end product. Roll Form IndustriesAddress. Product Details. 0. 00 New. PBR stands for Purlin Rib Bearing. We, a roll forming machine manufacturer, customize design and manufacture a wide range of good solutions and products for companies operating in the sheet metal, construction and manufacturing industries. Change tooling in 45 minutes or LESS with one person and one wrench. 00. 81 different Roll Formers classifieds before organising finance. 0M Delivery Time: Within 5 working days Payment Terms: paypal,UnionPay, Visa/MasterCard, Amex,. In the steel industry, battens used as furring may also be referred to as “top hats“, in reference to the profile of the metal. Find out why companies from around the world trust Howick. com. The coil serves as the source material for the roll forming process. Panel width: 36" wide. In 1934, he returned to Chicago to work for Kroh-Wagner in custom roll forming and in the mid-1940s for Maplewood Machinery in roll form machine building. Twin Batten Purlin Roll Forming Machine. Arno Hao. Our display screen is touch screen, not text touch screen. Steel component manufacturing for smart construction. MRS' Patriot Board and Batten Rollformer is one of our most popular and best selling machines. 95 to 1. you can provide? We can produce panels as long as a truck bed/trailer (48-53 ft) if required. [email protected]. These versatile machines produce roofing, siding, steel studs, decking, purlins, solar panel frames and various architectural cladding profiles. Two basic types of roll forming systems utilize a pre-cut line and a post. It is complete with our front-mounted auto/safety switch for effective and safe operation. Lessees responsible for safe return of roll formers to Seguin, TX. Bradbury Deck Roll Forming Lines are built for flexibility and high throughput. The Bradbury portable standing seam features rafted roll formers for multiple profile options. 5m lengths. Mass producing TS batten/tophat has never been easier with CUNMAC batten roll forming machines! We, a roll forming machine manufacturer, customized design and manufacture a wide range of good solutions and products for companies operating in the sheet metal, construction and manufacturing industries. Onsite roll forming and installation of the metal panels are independent functions. Sheffield Metals is a trusted distributor of numerous metal roof and wall panel rollforming machinery, including the well-known portable rollforming manufacturer New Tech Machinery (NTM). Sort by: Roof Batten Hat Channel Roll Forming Machine Learn more. It’s not a service that’s provided to homeowners. 1: Rolling speed: 12m/min(not include cutting time) 1. 6mm. It also curves our SS10 – 1″ Snap Cap convex. 0M Delivery Time: Within 5 working days Payment Terms: paypal,UnionPay, Visa/MasterCard, Amex,. The profile should be: Thickness: 0. Roofing Roll Forming Machine With PE System; PU Sandwich Panel Line ( Roofing and Wall ) CEILING. Pitch 1 - 12 to 4 - 12 Max. com. Vietsteel since 1998, a leading expert in manufacturing all kinds of Batten roll forming machines. It widely used in PEB construction system or home. 5. Roof with trusses and battens. Mechanical seam. Phone USA (407) 859-1119. Basic Info Model No. We also offer custom trim, matching screws, insulation, pipe boots, closure strips, windows, doors, and more for your metal. China Factory Supply Metal Drywall Profile Roof Ceiling Batten Roll Forming Machine $4,790. Tel: +8618717894416. Youtube . Xiamen Zheng Liming Metallurgical Machinery Co. The VS-150 is also a “Multi-Profile” capable piece of machinery forming 7 different profiles in total. Custom Drip Edge Machine. FP1500/20 Roof Panel Machine. 021" cold rolled steel and then polished and chrome plated. 0 /5 · 39 reviews · SPECIFICATIONS & EQUIPMENT. Liming Stamping Form Machine Co. Unit Price: USD 35000 - 6000 / Set/Sets Brand: zhongtuo Packaging: as customer's need Supply Ability: 50 sets/month T Gird With Black Line Roll Forming Machine For Main Tee And Cross Tee We are Professional in making the complete production line for ceiling t grid including the main tee and cross tee. Canadian & International Companies on all custom roll forming. Respect to roll forming line, we sell normal use trapezoidal roof, corrugated roof, standing seam roof, step roof tile & ridge cap, metal deck, purlin, ceiling batten/roof batten, windows/door. Sourcing Guide for Roof Sheet Forming Batten Machine: Minerals and energy are of major importance to the world economy. Xiamen Zheng Liming Metallurgical Machinery Co. – Automatic roll forming and cutting with Inverter, PLC, HMI. Pbr Electric Shear Machines. [email protected]. Ceiling Batten and roof batten Steel Sections are light and strong and have several advantages over traditional battens. The strip straightener levels the material strip to remove pre-existing defects before the strip enters the press feed unit. Our custom roll forming ensures each standing seam or batten panel and element of your roofing system is accurately formed and cut, no matter the length or width. Roofing Cold Roll Forming Machine (15351 products available) Peru Pop Best Seller Galvanizing Iron Trapezoidal TR4 Metal Color Steel Roofing Sheet Cold Roll Forming Machine $7,850. Developed to replace the manual process of producing hot rolled steel structural components, the waterjet beamline can process a range of different sections without heat and allowing accurate and fast production. 3. , Ltd. *subject to change. Fence Plank Rollformer. 2 yrs CN Supplier . At Roll Forming Machines LLC, we supply a wide range of top-quality roll formers for sale. – Electrical and hydraulic components made from Japan, Germany. Reliance R roof panel roll forming machine is a good solution for high-quality R roof panel productions. According to the functions or types of Wholesale Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine, Wholesale Roof Batten Roll Forming Machine can be classified into many types. Hydraulic motor:4KW ;Cutting pressure:0-16Mpa,Hydraulic oil number:Shell Tellus S2 M 46 or equal model. Roll forming is a process that utilizes sets of rolls in “stages” to achieve desired profiles in continuous strips of sheet metal. In. $ 8,800. High tensile steel - for high strength and low weight. History of formation. Forming Speed: 12-13 m/min. Due to the nature of roll-forming, it is difficult to show accurate images of profiles as. . Typical is 0. com. Roll Forming Machines LLC10895 Rocket Blvd, Suite 120, Orlando, FL 32824, USA. Material width. – Save history for orders in 30 days. Batten roll forming machine (Model BT-HD). These machine types benefit from a fast operation so that they can. Warranty and professional customer service 24/7. Material Yield Strength. Panels are manufactured by running large coils of sheet metal through a roll-forming machine. The new company was established due to the need of the rapid development of international trade. , Ltd is the manufactory specilized in cold bending roll forming equipment and automatic production line. 25 inch (5 mm) wide Snap-Lock panel configuration with a 20 inch (508 mm) coverage. Sheet thickness: 0. KAKA Industrial Electric Pinch Roll Bender machine RBM-30HV 230V-60HZ-3PH. 5-3. Roll forming has many advantages over brake forming and preformed panels. Dealer Program. 6M x 1. The SS20A – 2″ Roof Panel is one of the most used Commercial Panels in the Metal Construction Industry. Chat now. 620. The SS20A – 2″ Roof Panel is one of the most used Commercial Panels in the Metal Construction Industry. Color: Green Blue. – Roller and blade are fabricated from alloy and SKD11 steel 60-62HRC. High tensile steel - for high strength and low weight. This is furring channel forming machine working in customers’ factory Specifications Rollforming equipment and accessories used in the production of steel roofing and siding Products: Titan • Signature • Patriot Learn More Trim Lines Rollforming equipment to produce trim and flashing Products: Single Trim • Multi-Trim • Hemming Rollformer Learn More Slitting & Recoiling Equipment used to increase production in trim & snap-loc coil Metal Building Systems. They are used to produce metal building components, studs, supports, angles, C-channels, U-channels, and hat channels. Contact usFind wholesale roof and ceiling batten machine and related tools from China. (+84)906 898 860. Experienced supplier of roof batten machine,omega machine,hat channel machine. The Batten style panel, with wider boards connected by narrow batten, creats a geometric style layered look. Take full advantage of your Vertex BD software - Howick now offers training for both new and advanced users in New Zealand, and overseas on request. On A Roll For More Than 45 Years. This machine is fully automatic and easy to operate with a friendly HMI panel. Compact footprint at 34 inches wide. A PBR roof panel machine is a popular type of roll-forming machine producing extra strong panels used in construction. Quality products - with proven record for manufacture and supply. Roll forming. We supply general sheet metal, roofing, heating, air conditioning products, and custom fabricated products. 6821 kg/metre: Standard Pack: 150 Lengths x. Phone: 1-800-234-7834. ---Dear Sir/ Madam:Please allow me to introduce our company firstly. Battens are long, thin strips of material used for various construction Posted by Ben Browne on Wednesday, November 22, 2023. C Truss Roll Forming Machine;Find wholesale roof and ceiling batten machine and related tools from China. Only if you provide the profile required or the real objects of sectional materials, and we will offer the accurate. For over four decades Samco has earned a. 0Your One-Stop Metal Supply Shop in NWA. Roof Tile Machine; Custom Roll Forming; Fence Forming Machine; Arch Forming Machine; Hoop Forming Machine; Plate Embossing Machine; Roller Shutter Machine; Other Machines; CASE; NEWS; VIDEO; ABOUT US; CONTACT USMail us . thick).