polio vaccine developer crossword. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. polio vaccine developer crossword

 
 For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following resultspolio vaccine developer crossword  Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes

A new oral polio vaccine, the first in decades, has been developed to combat the type 2 vaccine-derived viruses. March 4, 1993 OBITUARY Albert Sabin, Polio Researcher, 86, Dies By HAROLD M. Here are a dozen facts about Salk, the Father of Biophilosophy. Then, the historic announcement: the vaccine works! It is safe, effective, and potent. Explore more. Doctor That Discovered Polio Vaccine Crossword Clue. That. In the 1950s and early '60s, Drs. For the word puzzle clue of jonas edward ____ polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. On April 12, 1955, it was announced that Jonas Salk, using March of Dimes donations from. Andino is hopeful they will be incorporated into bivalent. Jonas Salk, an American, used “inactivated” virus — particles of killed virus. health agency declared the African continent free of wild polio virus. Crossword Clue. The answer is that the vaccine saves vastly more lives than it threatens. It had to be injected, an obstacle to immunization campaigns in. This was perhaps one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. Polio Vaccine Developer Jonas ____. JONAS SALK. 2 Physicians who developed polio vaccines (one injected, one oral) US History by the Numbers 39%. For the word puzzle clue of he developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images Salk had succeeded in controlling the media narrative about his. SALK Jonas ____, inventor of the polio vaccine. John Lucas, a. In 1955, though, virologist Jonas Salk became a worldwide hero when he developed the first effective polio vaccine. For the word puzzle clue of developer of polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. 25 results for "polio vaccine developer jonas". In 1955, Jonas Salk announced the development of a polio vaccine in the midst of a huge epidemic. Crossword Clue. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of developed the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Jonas Salk, whose polio vaccine had been tested and carefully evaluated. The vaccine developer produces a seed pool of his chosen strain of weakenedPolio hit Canada in waves. It can be given at the same time as other vaccines. In April 1954, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis began vaccinating the 1. campaign against COVID-19. In 1955, though, virologist Jonas Salk became a worldwide hero when he developed the first effective polio vaccine. # of Letters or Pattern. It was 1955 in America. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. We think the likely answer to this clue is SABIN. Albert Sabin — that stopped its spread. This article describes polio transmission, and how polio research, funding, and treatment led to advances in nursing and changes in nurse’s role in the care of patients with polio. The meaning of SABIN VACCINE is a polio vaccine that contains three serotypes of poliovirus in a weakened, live state and is administered orally. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine. Famous UC Alumni 80%. March 23, 2021. Jonas Salk develops vaccine for polio. The first effective polio vaccines emerged in the 1950s, kicking off. A. Polio vaccine developed. Jonas Edward Salk ( / sɔːlk /; born Jonas Salk; October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. During this period a series of important vaccines like the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines were developed. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polo vaccine developer", 7 letters crossword clue. A placebo-controlled trial in 1954 involving 1. The Crossword Solver found answers to Polio vaccine developer crossword clue. D. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . This is defined as a vaccine-derived polio virus case. These symptoms usually go away on their own. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine Inventor Jonas ____. [1] Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic; [5] mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe symptoms develop such as headache, neck stiffness,. 25 results for "discoverer of first successful polio vaccine". On Friday, Pitt's School of Public Health unveiled a new exhibit dedicated to the life and work of Dr. We think the likely answer to this clue is SABIN. Aug 16, 2023DRSALK, JONAS By CrosswordSolver IO. "In the early 1950s, before polio vaccines were available, polio outbreaks caused more than 15,000 cases of paralysis. The March of Dimes won public trust for the polio vaccine. 1977 – First vaccine for pneumonia ( Streptococcus pneumoniae) 1978 – First vaccine for meningitis ( Neisseria meningitidis) 1980 – Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide due to vaccination efforts. For the word puzzle clue of jonas who created the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. In this July 18, 1962, photo, a girl in Atlanta swallows a lump of sugar coated with a dose of polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and. The communityJonas Salk, developer of the polio vaccine, holds a rack of test tubes in his lab in Pittsburgh in 1954. 25 results for "developed the rabies vaccine". 9 lakh persons in India developed paralysis between 2000 and 2017 because of oral polio vaccine (OPV), say leading doctors in two reputed hospitals here. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. 1970 – First vaccine for rubella. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developers, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. At the height of the biggest-ever outbreak, in 1952, almost 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in. nOPV2 is a novel oral poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) which was developed to address the evolving risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas ____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The oral polio vaccine, created by Albert Sabin, uses a live, weakened form of the virus to induce immunity. This vaccine, which is still in use today in Italy as part of the six-in-one vaccine, induces humoral immunity. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. However, in the 20th century, it became possible to develop vaccines based on immunologic markers. Dr. The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio vaccine (IPV) and the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV). Will nOPV2 be used alongside other polio vaccines? When nOPV2 is deployed during the initial use period in countries affected by cVDPV2, it will be the only polio vaccine used for outbreak response. This article is a response to ‘The case for the oral polio vaccine in the world’s quest for eradication’, July 21, 2023, by Vipin M. JONAS. No cure exists for the symptoms, but in the 1950s effective vaccines were developed and have been used around the world since then. sore throat. We also work with partners to improve polio surveillance and outbreak response. hide this ad. The attention recently paid to the story of Henrietta Lacks and her HeLa cell line following the publication of Rebecca Skloot’s highly acclaimed book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, has highlighted the numerous scientific discoveries directly attributable to research utilizing this cell line. To make a mass polio vaccine field trial possible, Connaught was asked to supply all of the bulk poliovirus fluids necessary, some 3,000 litres, which were. Enter a Crossword Clue. Discover the two distinct vaccines — developed by Dr. Finally, after a long history of losing to the deadly virus, news of successful trials were announced on April 12, 1955; the 10th anniversary of. Polio has been a cause of life-threatening paralysis for thousands of years. Polio (sabin) Vaccine classes 75%. EDT. By 1979, polio had been completely eradicated in the developed world. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Among those paralysed, 5–10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polio vacine developer", 4 letters crossword clue. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. This article will try to clear up what is happening. Cases due to wild poliovirus have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350 000 cases in more than 125 endemic. It was the start of the biggest medical experiment ever, the national field test of the vaccine that defeated polio. AFTER. In a letter to Horstmann in 1953, John F. Jonas Salk, American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for polio. Now viruses. Still, companies with nasal vaccines in the pipeline are forging ahead. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. 17 March 2022 — On Monday 7 March 2022, a case of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 (cVDPV3) was confirmed in an unvaccinated girl aged three years and nine months in Israel. See examples of SALK used in a sentence. 1. You can easily improve. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. The first polio vaccine, known as inactivated poliovirus. USA (1914-1995): Medical researcher and virologist who discovered and developed the first successful polio vaccine. Before the polio vaccine, the disease had been a major cause of disability in children. m. In 1958, “the federal government approved an oral polio vaccine, developed by Sabin’s laboratory in Cincinnati, containing weakened, not inactivated, virus,” states the article. Thanks to vaccines developed in the 1950s and 1960s, polio—which spreads via person-to-person contact—was officially considered eliminated in North America in 1994, according to the Mayo Clinic. Crossword Clue. Although in the vast majority of cases a poliovirus infection is harmless, if it makes its way into your brain or spinal cord it can cause paralysis, and even death. 12, 1955 the results of the Salk vaccine trials showed the vaccine was 80-90% effective and the US government licensed the IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) vaccine. 68%. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Albert who developed a polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue. The virus's invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to significant morbidity, including paralysis of the extremities or the diaphragm. Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) 2 months: A second at 4 months, a third at 6–18 months, a fourth at 4-6 years: Influenza:. A non-profit might be our best bet now given skepticism. Polio was once one of the most feared diseases in the U. Apart from the breakthrough in using the HeLa cells to develop vaccines for the incurable polio vaccine, reports indicate that the HeLa cells have also supported other medical research into diseases such as leukaemia, influenza, haemophilia, herpes, Parkinson’s disease and cloning. Polio was once the most dreaded disease in the U. Famous People Born October 28th 48%. We found more than 1 answers for Developer Of Polio Vaccine. To eliminate polio completely, every child in every household must be vaccinated. The history of vaccines in a way begins before recorded history. For best protection, children should get four doses of polio vaccine. In 1954, the inactivated vaccine was tested in a placebo-controlled trial, which enrolled 1. There are two polio vaccines widely used today. Finally, after a long history of losing to the deadly virus, news of successful trials were announced on April 12, 1955; the 10th anniversary of. Salk. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine Inventor Jonas ____. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters. Global Polio Eradication. Over time, this weaker strain of polio can mutate and behave more like a natural version of the virus and spread to unvaccinated people. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. 4/28/2023. Vaccine production in the 1950s and ’60s, did result in at least one major iatrogenic zoonotic transfer of a monkey virus, SV40, spread through Jonas Salk's killed polio vaccine. Maurice Hilleman in 1971. For the word puzzle clue of what is the first name of the virologist salk who developed the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. We think the likely answer to this clue is SALK. Poliopolis is a 66-unit container village built by the University of Antwerp, Belgium, to house a polio vaccine clinical trial. H. Discovered and developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine. When the GPEI started, polio paralysed more than 1000 children worldwide every day. 25 results for "polio vaccine developer jonas ____". In Vienna, Karl Landsteiner, MD (1868-1943), and Erwin Popper, MD (1879-1955), announced that the infectious agent in polio was a virus. That is that in areas of the. In 1957, it was cut by another two-thirds. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Since 2000, the only polio vaccine used in the United States is inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Describes the introduction of Jonas Salk’s vaccine in 1955 and Albert Sabin’s oral vaccine in 1960. 8 million American children lined up for the prick in the arm that changed history. It was the first vaccine to be authorized under Emergency Use. For the word puzzle clue of developed the first effective polio vaccine 1955, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. At 1 a. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas ____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Jonas Salk. 25 results for "jonas who created the polio vaccine". P. 1. Scientists weaken – or attenuate – the virus so. For the word puzzle clue of developer of the oral polio vaccine albert _____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Of the 200,000 children who received the defective vaccine, 40,000 got polio from it; 200 were left with varying degrees of paralysis, and 10 died. On 23 February 1954, a group of children from Arsenal Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, receive the first injections of the new polio vaccine developed by Dr. By 1955, the vaccine was publicly declared a magnificent success, and the vaccine was approved by the federal government for use on the general public. by Michael Simpson. Myron Cohen, the director of UNC’s Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, said people were far less hesitant to get the polio vaccine when it was developed and introduced in 1955. A young Charlotte D. , the CDC reports. It was the start of the biggest medical experiment ever, the national field test of the vaccine that defeated polio. He presented to a. I. 1 Salk IPV, a mixture of all three poliovirus types, was developed by inactivating wild polioviruses, a method that continues to be used for IPV production. Polio was once the most dreaded disease in the U. It is also very important to practice good hand hygiene and wash hands often with soap and water. Before the vaccine came, polio infection was a dreaded specter. The World Health Organization says a new polio outbreak in Sudan is linked to an ongoing vaccine-sparked epidemic in Chad - a week after the U. Enter a Crossword Clue. Pain in the arms and legs. 1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. S. The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed. Almost all children (more than 99 percent) who get all the recommended doses of the inactivated polio vaccine will be protected from polio. On Apr. 2023-03-23. In 1951, Jonas Salk, and his team developed a method to cultivate polio virus in monkey kidney tissue in order to be able to produce large amounts of the vaccine. The COVID-19. But thousands of children are still missing out on the polio vaccine. The March 11 New York Times that year reported on the success of the vaccine, which had gone on to be tested in other parts of the country. Onesimus // Smallpox. Jonas Salk and Dr. Salk vaccine developer. Jonas Salk Develops Polio Vaccination Crossword Clue. Polio Sabin Crossword Clue. Polio vaccine discoverer Jonas. Crossword Clue. Using data from outbreaks of this circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, researchers at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Tel-Aviv University, in. A few days later, he struggled to move his legs. A SYDNEY TAYLOR NOTABLE BOOK • Learn about the importance of vaccines and the scientific process through the fascinating life of world-renowned scientist Jonas Salk, whose pioneering discoveries changed the world forever. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Both IPV and OPV are used globally and both protect individuals. Jonas Salk, developer of the polio vaccine, holds a rack of test tubes in his lab in Pittsburgh on Oct. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The inactivated polio vaccine created by Jonas Salk in 1953 is able to prevent disease—that is, the onset of. Johnson & Johnson's viral vector COVID-19 vaccine followed only a few months later. For one thing, it was complicated, requiring three shots to. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Vaccine developer", 4 letters crossword clue. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. Albert Sabin and first used in 1961. Smallpox vaccinations became mandatory for schoolchildren across the. Polio is still a problem in parts of Asia and Africa. He was also known for his research in the fields of human viral diseases, toxoplasmosis, and cancer. For the word puzzle clue of who was the inventor of the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. During his life, Sabin became a household name, famous the world over for his. In 1955 the vaccine, developed by a man named Jonas Salk, was launched. SCHMECK Jr. Nearly 200 million cases of polio, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, adenovirus, rabies and hepatitis A -- and approximately 450,000 deaths from these diseases -- were prevented in the US alone. Nausea or vomiting (feeling or being sick). The 11 studies related to COVID-19 include vaccines developed by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna and CyanVac. The year. We think the likely answer to this clue is SALK. hide this ad. Crossword Clue. S. With the success of the polio vaccine, Jonas. Support Sporcle. 3 Many countries that had achieved polio eradication or. Crossword Clue. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Albert Sabin. The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was available first, given as a shot, in 1955. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Polio Vaccine Inventor. The development of nOPV2 started in 2011 with funding for the identification of candidate vaccines. from 15,000 in the 1950s to 10 in. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. jarun011/Getty The issue is that if the virus is allowed to circulate among. Today, like many rural communities, the town. Crossword Solver | Dictionary. Jonas E. However, in about 5% of cases, flu-like symptoms of fever, neck stiffness, nausea, and fatigue, or a slight, temporary paralysis occur. Kids typically get four polio vaccines before the age of 6. “By the end. In addition, Frenck has been working on vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes norovirus vaccines, Shigella vaccines, and E. Subsequent investigations. Polio vaccine developer Jonas. For the word puzzle clue of developer of the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The global eradication effort initially used a strategy of. For the word puzzle clue of jonas salk develops polio vaccination, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Crossword Clue. For the word puzzle clue of the polio vaccine was created by dr jonas salk here in 1950, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Biggest polio threat in years sparks alarms from New York to California. Stomach pain. 30 (wild) + 856 (vaccine-derived) in 2022 [4] Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Some people infected with poliovirus have flu-like symptoms, including: fever. The Hindu. However, during the next decade, Pasteur developed the overall principle of vaccination and contributed to the foundation of immunology. For the word puzzle clue of childhood vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Dr. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. ALBERT SABIN. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Informative sidebars enhance and support. Polio was once one of the most feared diseases in the U. In June, an unvaccinated, twenty-year-old man in Rockland County, New York, developed fever, abdominal pain, and neck stiffness. Words Ending in Alk 51%. Once the development was made public, nearly two million children participated in field trails. Jonas Salk. Developer Of Polio Vaccine. (AP) On Aug. The resulting vaccines, nOPV1 and nOPV3, effectively prevented polio in animal models. On any list of medical triumphs of the 20th century, polio vaccination is sure to rate a mention. Through striking black-and-white images and rich color photographs, readers will learn about Salk?s family background, childhood, education, groundbreaking research, and creation of the polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and. Salk and his team developed the first vaccine against polio more. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Dr. Albert Bourla is the CEO of Pfizer. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. AP Photo Salk's vaccine wasn't perfect. Monkeys, viruses, and vaccines. Jonas Salk and first used in 1955, and; A live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Dr. This meant that a vaccine designed to raise antibody levels in the bloodstream might be able to neutralize the poliovirus before serious harm was done. Word Ladder: Duke Ellington Hits 84%. The most likely. In April, the U. Salk finds Polio vaccination. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. Invented The Polio Vaccine. nOPV2 is a safer oral polio vaccine, but it’s still an oral polio vaccine, chock-full of active viral particles. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. ANSWER CLUE QUIZ 100% SALK Person who developed the polio vaccine Word Ladder: Baseball Abbreviations 83% JONAS SALK Developed the polio vaccine Upset. On Feb. Sort by Length. Polio vaccine. In many countries, a combination of bivalent OPV (bOPV, types 1 and 3) and IPV (types. READ ALSO: Kind woman helps man who has been. Crossword Clue. The following year, 1953, Salk and his associates developed a potentially safe, injectable polio vaccine. Albert Bruce Sabin, Polish American physician and microbiologist best known for developing the oral polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The vaccine itself was the result of years of tireless work by a researcher based at the University of Pittsburgh called Jonas Salk, whose 100 th birthday is being celebrated in a Google doodle. A larger outbreak struck New York City in 1916, with more than 27,000 cases and 6,000 deaths. For the word puzzle clue of usa 1914 1995 medical researcher and virologist who discovered and developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. For the word puzzle clue of invented the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. JONAS SALK. Developer Of The Oral Polio Vaccine Albert _____. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. There are reports that oral polio vaccines have been linked to multiple cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, in a small percentage of infected people, the virus attacks nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, particularly the nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscles involved in voluntary movement such. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by a virus that spreads from person to person invading the brain and spinal cord which can lead to paralysis. Additionally, the vaccine played a crucial role in preventing fatal paralysis caused by the polio virus. Explore more crossword clues and. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. of Medicine, he’s developed several vaccines and is now a vaccinology consultant. Koprowski developed a live virus vaccine first, but Sabin’s gained favor in the U. Letters to the Editor: Warp-speed vaccine manufacturing sickened 40,000 kids with polio in the 1950s. Salk was invited by President Eisenhower to visit the White House, as Eisenhower thanked Salk for saving the children of the world from the horrors of Polio, the president became choked up. Stephen Gluckman is holding onto two pieces of vaccine history. Peter Salk said Friday that polio is untreatable and highly contagious, and it leads to paralysis in around 1 of every 200 cases. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and. , the CDC reports. Thanks to these effective vaccines and dedicated healthcare professionals and public health officials, the world is closer than ever to eradicating polio. He observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus. S. Fatigue. 1 in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. (Today, wild poliovirus circulates in just two countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan – with only 140 cases reported in 2020. bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) will continue to be used in routine immunization. M edicine and public health lost a luminary 25 years ago this week with the death of Dr. Newsletter. would like to acknowledge the support received from the following grants that allowed this work to be formulated and developed. Using data from outbreaks of this circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, researchers at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Tel-Aviv University, in. These symptoms can last for up to 10 days. "People were genuinely. 3. IPV. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Polio vaccine protects children by preparing their bodies to fight the poliovirus. The first was the Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which was developed in 1955. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Polio Salk. Polio was different. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Residents of Protection, Kansas, came together in the spring of 1957 to make their town the first in the nation to be fully inoculated against polio. mentally stimulating diversions. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "who developed polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue.