What type of bond is formed between ammonia and boron trifluoride? [A] Ionic bond [B] Covalent bond [C] Metallic bond [D] Hydrogen bond [E] Coordinate covalent bond. 07 g/mol. By using the following steps, you can easily draw the Lewis structure of BF 3: #1 Draw skeleton. e. It is soluble in water and has a boiling point of -19°C. 97 D. • Include all valence lone pairs in. There are 120° bond angles on each of them that make them an equilateral triangle. The video explains the steps to find the total valence. Octet on "outer" element: 4. Para la estructura de Lewis, siete electrones están en la capa de valencia. It is interesting to realize that irrespective. Draw the Lewis structure of each compound to. f) Br. It is possible to draw a structure with a double bond between a boron atom and a fluorine atom in BF 3 , satisfying the octet rule, but experimental evidence. 1. The electron-dot structure (Lewis structure) for which of the following molecules would have two unshared pairs of electrons on the central atom? Which of the following is an isomer of CH3OCH3 ? Which of the following molecules contains only single bonds? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (A) H2O (B) NH3 (C) BH3. Solve any question of Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure with:-. #2 Mark lone pairs on the atoms. The ideal electron geometry of NO 2– is trigonal planar. Boron trifluoride, often known as trifluoroborane, is an inorganic chemical that is commonly employed as a catalyst and Lewis acid in the production of high purity boron and boron compounds. 1. 16 – 3. Lewis structure for ClCN. For example, AX2E2 is shown as the formula for water (H2O), which has two bonded hydrogen atoms ("X") and two lone (unbonded) electron. The other three structures have. SF4 or sulfur tetrafluoride is a compound that has a distinct odor of sulfur or rotten eggs. Boron trifluoride is utilized. . #4 Calculate formal charge and check stability (if octet is already completed on central atom) Let’s one by one discuss each step in detail. Boron trifluoride is a non polar molecule with its trigonal planar structure. 闪点. A video tutorial on how to draw the Lewis structure of boron trifluoride (BF3), a covalent molecule with 24 valence electrons. The F-S-F atoms lie along a straight line at the center of the molecule forming a 180° bond angle. In the CS2 lewis structure, there is a total of 4 lone pairs present. If you notice, most of the non-bonding, lone pair of electrons are present on the apex. Azomethane Lewis Structure: 7 Facts You Should Know!A Lewis structure is always stable when all the atoms hold same zero charges. Steps for drawing the Lewis dot structure of BF4–. In order to draw the lewis structure of HOF, first of all you have to find the total number of valence electrons present in the HOF molecule. BeF2 is a chemical formula for Beryllium fluoride. The Lewis structure of CO2 consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. . Boron atom is the center atom. In SiCl4, silicon atom is connected by four bonds with four chlorine atoms. 1: Selected physical properties of the. Put the following molecules in order of decreasing F-X-F bond angle, where X is the central atom. The approx bond angle in CH 2 F 2 is based on the type of bond, ∠F-C-H = 109º, ∠H-C-H = 113º, ∠F-C-F = 108. By using the following steps, you can easily draw the Lewis structure of BF 3: #1 Draw skeleton. These electrons will be both bonding as well as non-bonding electrons. It is produced naturally by some marine algae. The total valence electrons available for drawing nitrite [NO2]– ion Lewis structure are 18. The Lewis structure of any given molecule helps to know the arrangement of atoms in the molecule, bond formations and the lone pairs. Se pueden calcular los cargos formales si no está seguro acerca de la estructura de Lewis para BF3. The BCl₃ lewis structure is analogous to the BF ₃ (Boron Trifluoride) and BBr ₃ (Boron Tribromide) as F and Br falls in group 7 and includes 7 valence electrons. Lewis dot structure of BH 3 contains 1 lone pair on the central atom and 0 lone pairs on outer atoms. For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH 2, and boron trifluoride, BF 3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. What is the Lewis Structure of BF3? The Lewis structure of BF3helps everyone to understand about the valence electrons that are involved in bonding in a molecule. The root anion for ClO 4– is the chlorate (ClO 3–) ion. A. Step-by-Step Guide to Drawing the Lewis Structure of BF3 1. Solution. Rules to draw BF3 Lewis structure: Before drawing the Lewis structure, it is necessary to understand the rule to draw Lewis structure. . #3 Calculate and mark formal charges on the atoms, if required. Figure 3: Boron trifluoride Lewis Structure . Since there are three oxygen atoms, the total number of valence electrons is: 2. The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are shown in the Lewis structure of any molecule. Answer to Solved Identify the correct Lewis structure for BF3. It was seen that it was an acid-base reaction by the concept of Lewis acids and bases. Step #1: Calculate the total number of valence electrons. The bond angle in BF 3 is 120º. Question: Put the following molecules in order of decreasing F-X-F bond angle, where X is the central atom. BF3 molecule: Even though all of the atoms do have a chance to get octets in the structure of BF 3, the actual structure. 1. In the lewis structure of ammonia (NH 3), there are three N-H bonds and one lone pair on nitrogen atom. (CC BY-NC; CK-12) Boron trifluoride is the Lewis acid, while ammonia is again the Lewis base. Patterns of problems. Count all of its lone pair electrons, and half of its bonding electrons. (NH3) reacts with boron trifluoride (BF) to form a stable compound the Lewis structure for BF, and calculate the formal charge on the central atom. Figure 1. Draw and explain the Lewis structure of the most important resonance form of the ion ClO2-. . Hence, each N-Cl bond is a nonpolar covalent bond. There are three exceptions: (1) When there are an odd number of valence electrons, (2) When there are too few. C. BF3 lewis structure has a Boron atom (B) at the center which is surrounded by three Fluorine atoms (F). We appear unable to get an octet around each atom. Boron trifluoride-BF 3. The total valence electron available for the NF3 lewis structure is 26. In the lewis structure of the BF₃ molecule, all these electrons have to be drawn around the central atom i. Boron trifluoride was a Lewis acid whereas the Lewis base was ammonia because of the presence of lone pairs on the nitrogen atom. Thus, the electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral and the molecular structure is bent with an angle slightly less than 109. Follow asked Apr 29, 2016 at 19:58. Formula: BF 3; Molecular weight: 67. 3. Step #1: Calculate the total number of valence electrons. Question Video: Understanding How Ammonia Molecules Bond Boron Trifluoride Molecules. F is the atom with the highest electronegativity; therefore, F has “+” formal charge in any plausible Lewis structure! CH 3 +: This is another reactive intermediate in organic reactions (this is further discussed in Chapter 8). Answer 1 Both the Arrhenius and Bronsted lowry theory of acid and bases define on acid as a hydrogen ion ( proton) donor . Step #1: Draw the lewis structure Here is a skeleton of AsCl3 lewis structure and it contains three As-Cl bonds. There are 3 single bonds between the Boron atom (B) and. Boron trifluoride (BF3) lewis structure comprises of three B-F bonds, with boron in a central position and all three fluorine as outer atoms in the lewis diagram. Boron trifluoride contains one boron atom and three fluorine atoms. Hello there! Boron Trifluoride is an inorganic compound made up of one Boron atom and three Fluorine atoms. Perchlorate [ClO4]- ion Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry or shape, electron geometry, bond angle, hybridization, formal charges, polar vs. Valence electrons of carbon atom = 4. Calculating the electronegativity difference between the bonded molecules can also help us determine whether a compound is nonpolar or polar. FC calculations indicate that the “+” charge lies on the C atom, so. SF4 + BF3 SF3BF (i) Draw a complete Lewis structure for the SF 4 cation in SF BF (ii) Identify the type of hybridization exhibited by sulfur in the SF3 cation. (i) Describe the structure of each allotrope. Molecular Structure of BF3 (Boron Trifluoride) The BF3 (Boron Trifluoride) molecule has 1 atom of B (Boron, atomic no: 5) and 3 atoms of F (Fluorine, atomic no: 9). IF3 can be prepared using two methods:-. CCl4 is also named carbon chloride, methane tetrachloride, benziform, and more. Lewis structure of boron trifluoride (BF 3) is shown below and you can see each fluorine atom has made a single bond with boron atom. The computation will end with 24 total valence electrons,. Boron trifluoride dihydrate is a fuming liquid. Beryllium fluoride is an inorganic compound that appears as colorless lumps have a chemical formula BeF2. The structural formula of the compound looks like this: H3N-BC13 Would the B-N. Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following: 4. Bonding structure: 3. It is named tetrafluorosilane or silicon tetrafluoride. Then we find the number of electrons by which an atom forms a bond. #3 Calculate and mark formal charges on the atoms, if required. The electron geometry for the Br. B. For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH 2, and boron trifluoride, BF 3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule. This value is less than 0. Como podemos observar en la tabla periódica el elemento menos electronegativo es el boro, los elementos entonces se ordenan de esta forma: Antes que nada hay que aclarar una cosa, en el caso del BF 3. The highly symmetrical structure of BF 3 allows the bond dipole moments to cancel, resulting in a molecular dipole moment of zero. As there is no hydrogen ion involved in this reaction, it qualifies as an acid-base reaction only under the Lewis definition. BF3 molecular geometry is trigonal planer. Check me out: Lewis Structure. (0) This blog will basically give a complete piece of. There are three covalent bonds in the most reasonable skeleton structure for the molecule. 4. 894 1 1 gold badge 6 6 silver badges 18 18 bronze badges $endgroup$ 5. W. Ammonia reacts with boron trifluoride to form a stable compound, as we saw in Section 8. Page ID. 2k BF3 molecule Lewis structure. CONTROLS () How useful was this page? Click on a star to rate it! Submit Rating . NH3BF3. Let’s focus one the following topics. number of non-binding electrons e. At this point, the carbon atom has only 6 valence electrons, so we must take one lone pair from an oxygen and use it to form. Therefore, this second structure with single bonds is considered o be the real and stable Lewis dot structure of BCl3. Resonance structures are used when a single Lewis structure cannot fully. Add octets to outer atoms: 4. Solve any question of Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure with:-. (Chem 1090 Lewis 7b)Steps. Draw the Lewis structure for boron trifluoride (BF 3). 14. If you want to know about the lewis structure of BF 3, you first need to check the number of valence electrons in the molecule of BF 3 which comes out to be 24. For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH 2, and boron trifluoride, BF 3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH 2, and boron trifluoride, BF 3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. 它是很常用的 路易斯酸 ，也常用于制取其它 硼 化合物。. Moreover, as there exist sigma bonds only and one 2s and three 2p orbitals of the carbon produce four new hybrid orbitals, the hybridization of CH4 is sp3. In the BF 3 Lewis structure, there are three single bonds around the boron atom, with three. It is highly unstable and decomposes above the temperature of -28 degrees Celsius. Bilal kamboh. So, total= 21+3= 24. Jay is an educator and has helped more than 100,000 students in their studies by providing simple and easy explanations on different science-related topics. The SBF3 Lewis structure refers to the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule of sulfur tetrafluoride. 1 8. N 3– is the chemical formula for the azide ion, also known as. The boron atom in boron trifluoride, BF 3, has only six electrons in its valence shell. Add extra. Hint: draw out a proper Lewis structure, showing any lone pairs of electrons. Boron (B) is present in Group III A (or 13) of the Periodic Table of Elements. So, total= 21+3= 24. Page ID. Steps. Draw connectivities: 3. 12K views 1 year ago. Draw a Lewis structure. Draw connectivities: 3. Since its steric number is 5. First of all, we need to calculate the total valence electrons of this molecule, B = 3. When breathed, boron trifluoride is extremely poisonous. A new, larger compound is formed from the smaller Lewis acid and Lewis base. Formula: BF 3. 1. It is possible to draw a structure with a double bond between a boron atom and a fluorine atom in BF 3 , satisfying the octet rule, but experimental evidence. BF3 is SP2 hybridization. Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Java . The general structure of the Lewis acid-base complexes is such that the Group 13 element is close to tetrahedral (Figure (PageIndex{4})). BCl3 Lewis Structure. The other three structures have. The five simple steps are:1. The structure with only single bonds is the most common representation for this molecule because the charge separation shown in the other structures is considered to be unfavorable. No electrons are left for the central atom. Boron trifluoride contains one boron atom and three fluorine atoms. (3) Distribute the remaining electrons throughout the molecule, keeping in mind the duet and octet. The nitrogen atom contains only 5 valence electrons. In BF3, Boron is the least electronegative atom and will be used as the central atom. 5 degree The B- F bond in BF_3 is The molecule of BF_3 is What is the name of BF_3?. Calculating the Total Valence Electrons Let's take a look at another incomplete octet situation dealing with boron, BF 3 (Boron trifluoride). Step #1: Draw the lewis structure Here is a skeleton of BCl3 lewis structure and it contains three B-Cl bonds. Explicación paso a paso de como realizar la estructura de Lewis BF3 con gráficos, dibujos y esquemas. The Lewis Dot Structure will. 14. BF3 Lewis Structure and BF3 Molecular geometry; NH4+ Lewis Structure and NH4+ Molecular. Resonance is a mental exercise within the Valence Bond Theory of bonding that describes the delocalization of electrons within molecules. Fluorine organic compounds are very different in nature. (2) Draw single bonds between bonded atoms. Geometry of Molecules. We start with the Lewis Structure and look and. #2 Show chemical bond. The two compounds can form a Lewis acid-base complex or a coordination complex together. The Lewis structure of BF3 reveals the arrangement of atoms and the distribution of valence electrons, providing. The boron atom forms three covalent bonds with the fluorine atoms, resulting in a trigonal planar molecular geometry. lines; lines lines; dots dots; lines, Resonance structures are Lewis structures that have the. Since its steric number is 3. 8 degrees Celcius and its melting point is -23. . It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. e. Thus, the Lewis dot symbol for N is. L. The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, which means there must be the same number atoms at the end of a chemical reaction as at the beginning. 2. BF3 Lewis Structure. e. And then we have a lone pair of electrons on our sulfur. Lewis Structure of CO2. Figure 4. Draw the Lewis structure of the 1:1 adduct that forms in the Lewis acid-base reaction between boron trifluoride (BF3) and dimethyl ether (CH3)20). Dimethyl sulfide is a methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. Draw and explain the Lewis dot structure of boron. Being short of the preferred octet, BF 3 is a very good Lewis acid and reacts with many Lewis bases; a fluoride ion is the Lewis base in this reaction, donating one of its lone. Which of the following statements best describes this structure? A. The orbital diagram for the valence shell of phosphorous is: Hence, the third period elements occasionally exceed. Beginning with the n=3 principle quantum number, the d orbitals become available ( l =2). In this blog , you can see more about the polarity of CH2Cl2, CHCl3, BF3, and BeCl2. BF3 Lewis Structure. In this article, we’ll look at what we know about the Lewis shape of BF3 and assist us in understanding its properties and behavior. Lewis structure c. There are 3 single bonds between the Boron atom (B) and each Fluorine atom (F). Let’s discuss each step in more detail. The boron tetrafluoride compound has an overall one-minus charge, as it forms from a neutrally charged BF3 compound and a single F 1− ion. The fluorine atom has s and p orbital. BF 3: In above structure, 'F' completes its octet by sharing one electron from 'Boron' While 'Boron' shares three electron from three 'F' atom and has only 6 electrons in outermost cell thus it has an incomplete octet. What is the molecular shape of BF_3? Linear Bent Trigonal planar Trigonal pyramidal Tetrahedral What is the F-B-F bond angle? 180 degree 120 degree 109. In order to calculate the formal charges for BF3 we'll use the equation:Formal charge = [# of valence electrons] - [nonbonding val electrons] - [bonding elec. BeH2 is known as beryllium hydride or beryllium dihydride. Lewis Structure of Boron Trifluoride . Each fluorine atom starts with seven valence electrons and uses only one of them to bond. An explanation of the molecular geometry for the BrF3 (Bromine trifluoride) including a description of the BrF3 bond angles. In this article, we’ll look at what we know about the Lewis shape of BF3 and assist us in understanding its properties and behavior. It is an odorless white solid also known as fluoride salt of beryllium. To use the Lewis Structure Calculator follow these steps: Enter the formula of the molecule in the field provided for it. 1. 14). Thus far, we have used two-dimensional Lewis structures to represent molecules. A quick explanation of the molecular geometry of PF3 including a description of the PF3 bond angles. So, to complete the octet Boron accepts two lone electrons from other atoms of compounds. Use these steps to correctly draw the BF 3 Lewis structure: #1 First draw a rough sketch. Boron resides in group 13 of the periodic table, boasting three valence electrons,. Both structures (2 and 3) must be used to represent the molecule’s structure. Substrate structure controls substitution mechanism S N 1 or S N 2; Stability and structure of carbocations;. a. So, the valence electron for bromine is 7 and for fluorine, it is also 7 as both belong to the same group in the periodic table. Be sure to have the correct number of electrons. The Lewis structure for (ce{BF3}) includes several resonance structures. Balance BF3 + F = BF4 Using Inspection. The quick answer is, “There are no pi bonds in "BF"_3", but the answer isn't quite that simple. 1 shows the various molecular geometries for the five VESPR electronic geometries with 2 to 6 electron domains. 2 degrees; BrF3 is a polar molecule; Due to the presence of three fluorine atoms linked together, it is a strong fluorinating agent. The molecule comprises one Bromine at. The octet rule is a bonding theory used to predict the molecular structure of covalently bonded molecules. For example, in the Lewis structures of beryllium dihydride, BeH 2, and boron trifluoride, BF 3, the beryllium and boron atoms each have only four and six electrons, respectively. Bonding structure: 3. Looking at the PF3 Lewis structure we can see that there. It is possible to draw a structure with a double bond between a boron atom and a fluorine atom in BF 3 , satisfying the octet rule, but experimental evidence. The Lewis structure of any given molecule helps to know the arrangement of atoms in the molecule, bond formations and the lone pairs. (c) How many valence electrons surround the B in the BF3 molecule? Boron trifluoride, BF 3 acts as a Lewis acid when it combines with a basic ion or molecule that can donate an electron pair. Prediction based on Lewis structure: The Lewis electron dot structures are shown below for BeX 2, where X is one of the halogens, F or Cl. This would be the structure of HCO 2 3–. In this video, we are going to draw the Lewis structure for BF₃, boron trifluoride. IF3 can be prepared using two methods:-. A Lewis structure for BF3. It is highly unstable and decomposes above the temperature of -28 degrees Celsius. a lithium hydroxide solution is added and a precipitate forms almost immediately; dxplainWrite the singly bonded Lewis dot… | bartleby. Atoms of boron follow a sextet rule. . 1. a. 9 $egingroup$ Boron wants the standard octet as badly as anyone else, and indeed reaches it, albeit sometimes by unusual means. (Valence electrons are the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom). The electron geometry of PCl 5 is also Trigonal bipyramidal. First with only a single bond to the oxygen, the central carbon. (1 point) b. It is represented with. Discuss the VSEPR structure of NH_3. The net dipole moment of CS2 is zero. If we add this one boron and three fluorine atoms of the BF3 molecule, there are 24 electrons here in the BF3 molecular. Looking at the PF3 Lewis structure we can see that there. It is corrosive in nature. Add octets to outer atoms: 4. The highly symmetrical structure of BF 3 allows the bond dipole moments to cancel, resulting in a molecular dipole moment of zero. ChemSpider ID 6116. The Lewis structure helps us understand the bonding and electron distribution in a molecule. The first step is to sketch the Lewis structure of the BF3 molecule, to add valence electrons around the boron atom; the second step is to add valence electrons to the three fluorine. Once again, we have a compound that is an exception to the octet rule. A Lewis structure for BF3. This compound is called a Lewis acid-base complex. BF3: Boron trifluoride (BF3) has three B-F single bonds and an electron-deficient boron atom. total valence electrons they have 2. (In fact, trying to make a boron-fluorine double bond would put a positive formal charge on fluorine; since fluorine is highly electronegative, this is extremely unfavorable. Q-3) Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:Textbook Question. Boron resides in group 13 of the periodic table, boasting three valence electrons, while each fluorine atom originates from group 17, contributing seven valence electrons. Bond distances are measured in Ångstroms (1 Å = 10 –10 m) or picometers (1 pm = 10 –12 m, 100 pm = 1 Å). Boron trifluoride dihydrate is a fuming liquid. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl 3) contains three chlorine atoms and one phosphorus atoms. cou. We appear unable to get an octet around each atom. 2023-11-11. There are three bonded groups and so no lone pairs. This results in BF3 being an electron-deficient molecule. domain geometry d. Como podemos observar en la tabla periódica el elemento menos electronegativo es el boro, los elementos entonces se ordenan de esta forma: Antes que nada hay que aclarar una cosa, en el caso del BF 3. 1). The bond angle in BH 3 is 120º. The molecule is isoelectronic with the carbonate anion, CO2− 3 . In this video, we will help you determine the Lewis Structure of. write the chemistry for the lewis acid/ base reaction between Nh3 and BF3 using lewis structures and clearly identifying the lewis acid and lewis base. Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript . 50. It is a Lewis acid, and to further check its prop. Br: Formal Charge= 7- 0. A molecule of nitrogen dioxide consists of one nitrogen atom and two atoms of oxygen. . Chemistry of the Nonmetals 2h 1m. The BF3 Lewis structure is a diagram that illustrates the number of valence electrons and bond electron pairs in the BF3 molecule. His theory gave a generalized explanation of acids and bases based on structure and bonding. The difference between both the values is 1. Count the total valence electrons present in BF4–. Is BF3 likely to be an electrophile or a nucleophile? Draw a Lewis structure for BF3, and explain the result. Moreover, as there exist sigma bonds only and one 2s and three 2p orbitals of the carbon produce four new hybrid orbitals, the hybridization of CH4 is sp3. BeCl2 Lewis Structure. Lewis structure of Phosphorus Trifluoride (PF3) The Lewis structure is drawn using eight dots of valence electrons around the symbols of the atom with lines showing bond formation. the electron pair geometry at the central atom c. For example, in NH 3, N has 1 lone pair (2 electrons) and 3. BF3 has trigonal planar geometry. 4). This structure. . In total, we have 4 + (2 x 6) = 16 valence electrons in CO2. There are a total of 24 valence electrons for the BF 3 Lewis structure. This chemistry video tutorial explains how to draw the lewis structure of NO2 also known as Nitrogen Dioxide. When there are lone pairs, you need to look at the structure and recognize the names and bond angles. Ethylene, C2H4 has the Lewis Structure: The molecular shape is predicted to be trigonal planar around each carbon atom. Let us calculate for BrF3: F: Formal Charge= 7- 0. The electron geometry of BF 3 is also Trigonal planar, as its central atom, is surrounded by the 3 regions of electron density. For example, if we want to obtain the Lewis structure of the Sulfate ion, SO 4 – 2, we must first enter the. Two lone pairs on each sulfur atom. You can calculate the formal charges if you are not sure that you simply have an optimum. Remainder of electrons (11-8 = 3) on "central" atom: 5. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following substances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis structure? Cl2 ICl NO SO2 CO2, Elements that can accommodate more than eight electrons in their valence shell occur in period _____ and above. Determine the following for boron trifluoride. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds 1h 52m. Here, the given molecule is HOF. e) N. If we add this one boron and three fluorine atoms of the BF3 molecule, there are 24 electrons here in the BF3 molecular. The boron atom has an incomplete octet, meaning it only has six electrons in its valence shell. Boron Trifluoride | BF3 Lewis Structure, Properties & Molar Mass Beer Brewing Process, History & Ingredients Allotrope Definition, Types & Examples Alchemy Definition, History & Goals. 1.