txt), PDF File (. YM2413 emulation. 150. Another related chip is the YM2413 (OPLL), which is a cut down version. Some games don't work for me. 143u3: Changed YM2413 clock speed to 3579545 Hz. Publication date. Add this topic to your repo. I can reproduce this 100% of the times. «. Retrogaming, émulateurs et téléchargement de ROMs. The YM2413 application manual contains the following diagram:The simplifications mean that the YM2413 can only play one user-defined instrument at a time, with an additional 15 read-only hard-coded instrument profiles available. 0. bin: 1996-12-24 23:32: 144. However, for non-patched synthesizers, the user still had to enter register values. So far all the reverse engineering was focused on a single operator. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. a. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and MSX PC games in the 80s using YM2413, a pro-grammable sound generator based on FM. mega Bios files and Checksums. Also I logged 3 tracks. I have been playing with some VRC7 stuff and just started poking at the custom patch. Accessing Batocera's drive to add files. Followers 0. I first noticed this in. Idol-Mahjong Final Romance (1991) Taisen Idol-Mahjong Final Romance 2 (1995) Taisen Mahjong Final Romance R (1995) Taisen. From measurements on the decay curve we know that the very fast decay rates behave in a. cpp","contentType":"file. The goal is to provide a ubiquitous, flexible, comprehensive-as-possible emulator that will appear in as many browsers as possible without. Maintainer: marco_c. YM2413 test data. bin: 1996-12-24 23:32We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! listing of ym2413. The percussion instruments P_* are automatically set up on the channels CH_* [6. Full Pack BIOS BATOCERA By THE MINI CAKE TV place the BIOS, SAVES, ROMS folders. Post by Ben Boldt » Sun Sep 13, 2020 10:55 pm. Read the documentation. This is another thing which. Pang (World) MAME detail page - ROM pangExisting multi-instrumental datasets tend to be biased toward pop and classical music. Open your file explorer of choice and find its “Network” section. Texas Instruments TI-59 Texas Instruments TI-82 Texas Instruments TI-83 Texas Instruments TI-92. # include " Instruments. Texas Instruments: Package: N/A: Description: Analog Comparators Dual Diff: FGH60N60SMD: Company: ON Semiconductor: Package: TO-247-3:. Copy your games/BIOS files appropriately into the SHARE partition. I first noticed this in. This comes down to the functionality of the Konami 007452 chip, which Konami calls a VRC&DMP. YM2413 + CPLD will better than only cpld. cpp-Mid nineties hardware by Taiwanese IGS. zip; file as jpg timestamp size; 1. Retro game music, chiptunes ripped from hundreds of games. I have created a easy method to MESS VGM logging, but only to future chips called HuC6280 and the DMG Custom, that was present in new 1. Channels 6,7 and 8 are used for these instruments. 60G of games added. zip,dentro de este zip esta el archivo que buscas,una vez lo tengas no. 2. MAME 0. Built-in Instruments data (15 melody tones, 5 rhythm tones, "CAPTAIN" and TELETEXT applicable tones). 2020/12/12. Built-in DA Converter. 41 41 07 03 F5 70 51 F5 // Electric Guitar ~~ Synth Brass Same as Synthesizer of YM2413: 36 01 5E 07 F2 F3 F7 F7 // Vibes ~~ Electric Piano Simulate Rhodes Piano: 00 00 18 06 C5 F3 20 F2 // Bass ~~ Bass Electric bass: 17 81 25 07 F7 F3 21 F7 // Vibraphone ~~ Vibraphone Same as ones of YM2413: 35 64 00 00 FF F3 77 F5 // Vibrato Bell ~~ Chime Bell YM2413 FM Operator Type-LL (OPLL) Application Manual. It was extensively used in early game consoles, arcade games, home. Unzip and put the contents of the folder in . Bios files and Checksums. YM2413 （FM Operator Type-LL、OPLL）は日本楽器製造（現・ヤマハ）が開発し、1986年 6月に発表され、1986年7月からサンプル出荷が開始された 2オペレーターのFM音源LSIである 。 文字放送受信機・キャプテン端末用途を目的に開発された 。 発売当時のサンプル出荷価格は1個3000円 。ROM Information Name: YM2413 OPLL Download: ym2413. YM2413 is well known as low-cost FM sound chip, and was used on Sega Master System and FM-PAC sound expansion cartridge for MSX. Re: VRC7/YM2413/OPLL Custom Patches Post by Ben Boldt » Sun Sep 20, 2020 6:41 pm This PDM stuff is pretty interesting but it is hard to wrap my head around the concept. zip and qsound. To find which files are needed to run Super Pang with the version. 579545 MHz) is connected between these. ROM and MT32_PCM. Xbox 360 Controller Emulator allows your controller (GamePad, Joystick, Wheel,. Live, YM3526 (OPL), YM2413 (OPLL), the Paula chip used in the Amiga 1200 and/or Apple II? Thanks! Reply 1 of 11, by appiah4. Over the 4th of July weekend, I will have access to my old Yamaha PSS-140 keyboard, which contains a YM2413 synthesizer, and most importantly, 100 selectable custom patches. YMF281B presets by Chabin. MAME 0. The data interface between the Arduino MCU and the YM2413 uses 8 digital output pins from the. name size crc sha1 region offset status optional merge bios; ym2413_instruments. 231, our April release, is out now! The Yamaha FM synthesis rewrite is progressing, with the OPL family (including YM2413, YM3526,. MAME - Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator: summary refs log tree commit diff stats homepageWe would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Chang-Bin Jeon, Kyogu Lee Towards robust music source separation on loud commercial music 575-582. Idol-Mahjong Final Romance (1991) Taisen Idol-Mahjong Final Romance 2 (1995) Taisen Mahjong Final Romance R (1995) Taisen Mahjong Final Romance 4 (1998) We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. An instrument is made out of. The YM2413 Application Manual has been corrected, completely cleaned up from the original scans made by Ricardo Bittencourt. Unfortunately that also means that sampling a YM2413 sound that would normally take 1 second now takes over 1 minute. * Made FM channel and operator mapping more flexible. 2). zip. We provide the baseline models and. DGen/SDL Source Code,. By using a device similar to an eprom programmer you can program a PLD's logic behavior and get it to behave however you want i MAME - Update ROMs (v0. A number of. 5, 3. 2023Hello, I just managed to run time crisis using mame, so far so good, I managed to enable mouse control for pl. It was used in the FM Sound Unit add-on to the Sega Mark III and later built into the japanese Sega Master System. 2022/01/19. To make the chip cheaper to manufacture, many of the internal registers were removed. Existing multi-instrumental datasets tend to be biased toward pop and classical music. PSS-270示范曲为：Just the Way You Are。. Communicating with the Hardware. Posted on. 579545 MHz) is connected between these. I have been playing with some VRC7 stuff and just started poking at the custom patch. Yamaha YM2413 To make the. 2 Players first: khyryl 09. Add comment. S-220 Digital Sampler. 2023/11/05. 579545 MHz) is connected between these. It's again been over a year since my last progress report. The format has a long history, it started as a way to log Sega. Orwell "Animal Farm" -movie. Where I find that files or solve this problem? Other than that, I've been testing the emulator using my Turtles In Time rom and many music instruments sound louder than others or with certain problems, compared to past versions. M. Categorys. The YM2413, OPLL, is a cost-reduced FM synthesis sound chip manufactured by Yamaha Corporation and based on their YM3812 (OPL2). bin: 1996-12-24 23:32Real YM2413 is quiet and you do need some amping stage. 250 downloads • 1715 views • released 09. Rom Download. 208. Furthermore, a built-in Tone Data Register with capacity for one tone permits sound effects and original tones generation. Contribute to digital-sound-antiques/emu2413 development by creating an account. BIN file and added the other file into MAP folder, however is not. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and MSX PC games in the 80s. The ym2413 document is more complete, but it's obviously the same chip. cue, >> click for howto \r","\t Big thanks to Silanda and barbudreadmon for bug reports, ideas, talks and HW tests We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! listing of ym2413. 200 VGM mod. e. There's a bunch of sample MIDI files here . zip . I thought the keyboards tend to have pin-swapped YM2413 variants, but as the swapping is known it must be possible to attach a logic analyser and watch for the custom instrument registers being programmed. 05. 3. All boards I've sold to date have a defective YM2413 sound chip. Like and RT. raw download clone embed print report. I first noticed this in my game using my own vgm-replayer. 19136. In this paper, we propose YM2413-MDB, an 80s FM video game music dataset with multi-label emotion annotations. arcadeitalia. zip; file as jpg timestamp size; ym2413_instruments. 0, 6. A YM2413 emulator written in C. . 08. The IC can operate as 9 channels of instruments. S-50 Digital Sampling Keyboard. Yamaha is known for its high-quality products and. It sounds like the English audio (but garbled) instead of the Jap. The YM2612 is a six-channel FM synthesizer. I have been playing with some VRC7 stuff and just started poking at the custom patch. Description FM Operator Type-Z Successor of OPM(YM2151) and OPP(YM2164) Spec FM(4op) 8ch with 2 hardware LFO 8 wave forms for each operator. cashcade_2_4. 2. I hope you like it. By GatorCountry. The MD_YM2413 library initializes the hardware to sensible defaults and assigns the built-in piano instrument to all channels. I have been playing with some VRC7 stuff and just started poking at the custom patch. I've mostly been working on figuring out the content of the YM2413 instrument ROM. Last time we looked at how 2 YM2413 operators combined form one channel with frequency modulation. png] it's easy to see this isn't going to work because the YM2413 output range doesn't exactly span the full ADC range. 38–45. Maintainer: marco_c. 260 source code without fetching the entire revision history. The collected game music is arranged with a subset of 15 monophonic instruments and one drum instrument. 2. 60G of games added. There are some big improvements to SunPlus SPG240/SPG280 audio emulation. So you need to find an updated copy of funkyfig. zip; file as jpg timestamp size; ym2413_instruments. Its successor, the YMF262 or OPL3, supported 4-channel. Unfortunately there are a lot of websites hosting out-of-date ROMs that no longer work with current MAME. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 231). Posted August 27, 2021. pdf) or read online for free. When hit by a harpoon, the balloons break down into smaller fragments, in a similar fashion to Atari's 1979 classic, "Asteroids". k. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and MSX PC games in the 80s using YM2413, a programmable sound generator based on FM. 12 replies; 9. I know the built-in patches of the VRC7 and YM2413 from the siliconpr0n website: VRC7: Code: Select allSadly, the size of the file turned out to be as large as the Sega Master System YM2413 Soundfont, yet slightly less by only 10 MB (for reference, the YM2413 . 79MHz input clock instead of standard 3. 4:02 PM · Aug 24, 2021. h " # include " YMBase. In addition, they generally lack high-level annotations such as emotion tags. A number of regressions reported against the previous release have also been fixed. 230 to v0. Unfortunately that also means that sampling a YM2413 sound that would normally take 1 second now takes over 1 minute. bin: 1996-12-24 23:32In previous posts we've already fairly well investigated isolated YM2413 components. One labelled BATOCERA, which is the boot partition, and another labelled SHARE, which is the userdata partition. k. Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quicklyThe collected game music is arranged with a subset of 15 monophonic instruments and one drum instrument. We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! listing of ym2413. zip; file as jpg timestamp size; ym2413_instruments. It uses a 2-metal CMOS process instead of NMOS. The synth is organised around two YM2413 emulations which comprise the main synth engine, and a new synth “core” dedicated to drum sounds. Posted: Tue May 31, 2011 7:11 pm. Though instead of immediately building a model that includes everything we've learned, we'll build the model in smaller steps. Unzip and put the contents of the BIOS. 579545 Mhz), OKI MSM5205 (@ 384 Khz) Players: 1 Control: mahjong keyboard TRIVIA Released in December 1991. Well, based on data from MoonBlaster. To associate your repository with the ym2413 topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics. Download your favorites Arcade games! Discover and play also the titles you didn't knew! YM2413 OPLL. Let's start with the 0%-100% attack-rate table from the YM2413 datasheet. 0Hz and the same modulation depth of 14 or 7 cent. ymf262. In this paper, we propose YM2413-MDB, an 80s FM video game music dataset with multi-label emotion annotations. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"src/sound":{"items":[{"name":"2151intf. FM sound generation can get pretty complex but this is about as straight forward as it can be. For patch-based OPL chips, there were specific values for each operator register of these instruments. Not only does this greatly improve the enjoyability of the JAKKS Pacific TV games, it’s also timed perfectly for the addition of the Fisher-Price I Can Play Piano music teaching system. vgm file for this test can be found at YM2413: Tilemap Reels Tilemap: igs011. A number of regressions reported against the previous release have also been fixed. 37b5 sets. As of the 0. Observed with 1. 過去に"YAMAHAの音源IC(YMZ294)の使い方の基礎"でPSG(SSG)音源のYMZ294の使い方の基礎を説明しましたが、今回はFM音源の中で一番簡単なYM2413(OPLL)について説明します。この音源は音色データを内蔵しているので、複雑なパラメータを指定しなくてもすぐに音を鳴らすことができます。今回もArduino Unoで. Instruments ROM YM2413 24 2 23 3 22 4 21 5 20 6 19 7 18 8 17 9 16 10 15 11 14 12 13 24 pin SOP Top View Vibrato Amplitude Modulator J DA Converter ) . 3. 04. 1941j. 2016-04. 20 to V38. 4Hz and in addition specify the modulation depth as either 14 cent or 7 cent (globally selectable, for YM2413 the depth is not selectable). For example, there are 15 main instrument preset tones and 5 percussion tones. While a number of emulation solutions exist that allow much of what is wanted, they nearly all. by. :-D The lower half of the screen allows you to change the settings for the custom instrument in various ways. 231, our April release, is out now! The Yamaha FM synthesis rewrite is progressing, with the OPL family (including YM2413, YM3526, YM3812, YMF262 and Y8950) done this month. 313. MAME updated to . 5, 3. I first noticed this in. Well, based on data from MoonBlaster. Btw the YM2413 is not very sensitive to too fast access by small amounts of cycles, e. These patches would theoretically be 100% compatible with the VRC7. This document typed by Maxim in 2003. 0 . Add games/BIOS files to Batocera. Most things should be improved, but if you notice. Hello again. zip System: MAME . Gamecube set is being updated to 1G1R in RVZ format. 239 ROMs. Holiday time again! We've doubled the bandwidth to 500mbps, updated the MAME set to . Find the BATOCERA device and enter its “share” folder. The company was founded in 1887 and has its headquarters in Hamamatsu, Japan. 226, and re-added the Saturn collection. plgDavid's YMF281 ROM patches. Full Pack BIOS BATOCERA By THE MINI CAKE TV place the BIOS, SAVES, ROMS folders. VRC7 presets by Nuke. PG D1 DO NC vcc RO MO NC IC NC cs WE AO H f---<) MO RO . Its capabilities include: 6 channels of FM sound. VRC7 presets by Nuke. Emularity BIOS Collection. Second problem: This measurement setup only allows to measure relatively slow attack rates. 0. DAO . Get the MP3 version here. VGM preset dumper pre-release feedback. Fire Hawk - Thexder 2. PG D1 DO NC vcc RO MO NC IC NC cs WE AO H f---<) MO RO . different machine: 1. ym2413_instruments. Product Overview Manufacturer Part#:YM2413-F Product Category: Logic ICsDescription: Stratix FPGA 40K FBGA-780. qa Ðx A Ø÷# ™òÄ #1a ¨dp'2! àv(1" àq !a ‚ #!- ¢r aa de Aa. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and MSX PC games in the 80s using YM2413, a programmable sound generator based on FM. management of header and footer text. It is easy to see why the YM2413. YM2413 • PIN FUNCTIONS SYMBOL 1/0 FUNCTION XIN I A quartz oscillator (3. For patch-based OPL chips, there were specific values for each operator register of these instruments. From what I gather the chip has 15. I know the built-in patches of the VRC7 and YM2413 from the siliconpr0n website: VRC7: Code: Select allVRC7/YM2413/OPLL Custom Patches. OPL preparation: Define FAMILY constant in register classes, and use that instead of template specialization for family-specific behaviors. I have been playing with some VRC7 stuff and just started poking at the custom patch. It supports the RP2A03, RP2C33, NAMCO163, VRC VI, VRC VII, and 5B chips. The chip also appears in Tiny Toon Adventures 2, but this. 00 b DL Count: 1843 File ListingThe YM2413, a. Full Pack BIOS BATOCERA By THE MINI CAKE TV place the BIOS, SAVES, ROMS folders. Although better known as MSX-MUSIC, this Yamaha. 41 41 07 03 F5 70 51 F5 // Electric Guitar ~~ Synth Brass Same as Synthesizer of YM2413: 36 01 5E 07 F2 F3 F7 F7 // Vibes ~~ Electric Piano Simulate Rhodes Piano: 00 00 18 06 C5 F3 20 F2 // Bass ~~ Bass Electric bass: 17 81 25 07 F7 F3 21 F7 // Vibraphone ~~ Vibraphone Same as ones of YM2413: 35 64 00 00 FF F3 77 F5. No oscilloscope is used. 579545 MHz) is connected between these. YM2413 is well known as low-cost FM sound chip, and was used on Sega Master System and FM-PAC. September 10, 2021 in Emulators / Utilities / Tutorials & Guides. _____. PACK FULL BIOS BATOCERA. dsk. Full Pack BIOS BATOCERA By THE MINI CAKE TV place the BIOS, SAVES, ROMS folders. The major difference is in the way that wave types are handled - OPL2/3 definitions can have up to 7 different wave types while OPLL is limited to full or half sine wave - and the library has a mapping between the two. 44 MiB: MD_YM2413-1. MD_YM2413. 2023/11/05. For most instruments I've found settings that are close (sometimes very close) to the built-in instruments, but never 100% identical. cpp-Mid nineties hardware by Taiwanese IGS: Driver written by Pierpaolo Prazzoli and me TECHNICAL Main CPU: (2x) Zilog Z80 (@ 6 Mhz) Sound Chips: YM2413 (@ 3. Overview. Furthermore, a built-in Tone Data Register with capacity for one tone permits sound effects and original tones generation. because the VRC7 has different preset instruments inside its chip compared to the YM2413. Grauw released a PCM player for the YM2413 OPLL MSX-MUSIC. For recent versions of macOS you need to install Xcode including command-line tools and SDL 2. Reply to this topic. I know the built-in patches of the VRC7 and YM2413 from the siliconpr0n website: VRC7: Code: Select all4. 1d: 1996-12-24 23:32: 131072YM3812 or OPL2 is the “FM Operator type L (OPLII) synthesizer” used famously in the AdLib Music Synthesizer Card and Sound Blaster family of sound cards. Pinout matches OPLL exactly, as well as having six voices (not counting rhythm) according. To play the custom instrument, use the loadInstrumentOPL2 () or. Any idea on where I can find this sound file for MAME? Thanks! Thanks a lot. Thus, the "very similar, but not identical" comment could probably be cut. At the time, I had a YM3812, YM2151, YM2413 and even a non-Yamaha chip, the SN76489 on a breadboard outputting sound together. Posted: Sun Sep 02, 2001 8:23 pm. YM2413 test data output format(!!not verified on hardware!!). The collected game music is arranged with a subset of 15 monophonic instruments and one. Packs 1 to 20 of 57 total. Depending on your implementation, you might need to change the LFSR size - you need to output the bit that was shifted out, so you have to either retrieve the low bit before shifting or be sure to catch this "lost" bit along the way. Originally, I was aiming to make the soundfont only 30 MB or less, but considering the way how the VRC7 was analog and therefore didn't have stable, ergo, easily loopable. Unzip and put the contents of the folder in . Introduction. 07. Emularity Team. It includes 669 audio and MIDI files of music from Sega and. zip; file as jpg timestamp size; ym2413_instruments. 61 VGM File Format: -HuC6280: There is a way to play HES files on MESS. Followers 0. bin Missing EASY FIXED - PLAY MARVEL VS CAPCOM ROMSMissing Dl-1425. 43 MiB: Created by @njh. << YM2413 Reverse Engineering Notes 2015-02-09 | YM2413 Reverse Engineering Notes | YM2413 Reverse Engineering Notes 2015-03-11 >> This is a follow-up on 20150209. One main reason is that it has 16 selectable instruments out of which only one is. I suspect there are still some details wrong in the model that I'm. YM2413 notes by andete. cpp. Core:YM2413:音色が切り替わらないバグを修正: Core:コメント部に'%'があるとエイリアスと勘違いしてバグるのを修正: TAG383 2021/03/11: Core:YM2413:VARの値が正しく反映できていなかったのを修正: TAG382 2021/03/10: IDE:音色名が表示できないバグ. Open the IDE and click to the "Sketch" menu and then Include Library > Manage Libraries. YM2413 • PIN FUNCTIONS SYMBOL 1/0 FUNCTION XIN I A quartz oscillator (3. Holiday time again! We've doubled the bandwidth to 500mbps, updated the MAME set to . 3. To play the custom instrument, use the loadInstrumentOPL2 () or. 579545 Mhz), OKI MSM5205 (@ 384 Khz) Players: 1 Control: mahjong keyboard TRIVIA Released in December 1991. YM2413 • PIN FUNCTIONS SYMBOL 1/0 FUNCTION XIN I A quartz oscillator (3. 4. Hear that hihat and cymbal plays too (possibly all percussion instruments are played) during the first percussion playback/sound. bin: 1996-12-24 23:322000 version of MAME (0. For ML=8 block=7 fnum=256 the YM2413 output alternated between only two values (not 100% true because the effect of the modulator could not be fully disabled). Instead this looks very focused on old Yamaha PSS "Portasound" style table hooters. 8224 MHz, which is 64 times the CD-DA sample rate. this paper, we propose YM2413-MDB, an 80s FM video game music dataset with multi-label emotion annotations. correctness checks of the items, the content and eventual writing detailed logs. The drum section on the VST is a replica of the drum pads on the Yamaha PSS-140 for example. YM2413 • PIN FUNCTIONS SYMBOL 1/0 FUNCTION XIN I A quartz oscillator (3. But now, with the newest build: openmsx-17. The YM2413 is a versatile and low-cost FM synthesizer IC that has a lot more to offer and I may come back to it for future projects. This document typed by Maxim in 2003. When the filter is corrected, the OPLL sound becomes much richer in details. In this paper, we propose YM2413-MDB, an 80s FM video game music dataset with multi-label emotion annotations. Library to implement basic functionality for managing for Yamaha YM2413 sound synthesizer chip Author:. Mini Cake. Illusion City is a game that drives all of the YM2413 channels, for example. I can reproduce this 100% of the times. From the bitsavers. Instruments ROM YM2413 24 2 23 3 22 4 21 5 20 6 19 7 18 8 17 9 16 10 15 11 14 12 13 24 pin SOP Top View Vibrato Amplitude Modulator J DA Converter ) . Just rename the . Downloads. It requires MSX2, MSX. Some games will only run with a bios file, looking for an all-in-one BIOS pack ? Download the ALL-IN-ONE BIOS pack with a Premium-account right now ». YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotations 100-108. But now I have relogged them made using by MAME, because the speed is normally but on the CPU hardware. 11b chip from The First Funky Fighter PCB was known to be a Bad Dump. 2022 • updated 09. They are bass drum, snare drum, tom-tom, high-hat, cymbals and top cymbals. Re: VRC7/YM2413/OPLL Custom Patches. While just eight titles supported the Master System’s 3d glasses, sixty one commercial games included. Fortunately little-scale has sampled the sounds of the YM2413 and generously provided them for free so more people have the opportunity to make music using these sounds. Explorer is a free app which supports this. 231, our April release, is out now! The Yamaha FM synthesis rewrite is progressing, with the OPL family (including YM2413, YM3526, YM3812, YMF262 and Y8950) done this month. by tepples » Sat Sep 19, 2020 11:25 pm. The YM2612 is from the OPN family. 201 build, MAME has changed how it implements QSound and the device qsound_hle. VRC7/YM2413/OPLL Custom Patches. Bios files and Checksums. Post by Ben Boldt » Sun Sep 13, 2020 10:55 pm. 11] when percussion mode is enabled, and instruments I_* can be set up on channels [0. Using the MD_YM2413 library. PG D1 DO NC vcc RO MO NC IC NC cs WE AO H f---<) MO RO .